Dream employer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dream employer - Essay Example There are a few companies in the world that offer a good working environment or autonomy and opportunities as Microsoft Corporation; apart from an attractive pay package they also offer an incredible array of perks to their staff such as free and complete medical cover and gym membership. This essay will discuss reasons as to why working for Microsoft Corporation would be a dream comes true for me. Founded in 1975, Microsoft is today one of the IT giants in the world producing a huge percentage of the software that is used by millions worldwide especially the windows operating system and gaming devices such as XBOX (Schneider). Microsoft gives its employees considerable personal autonomy, in both matters of work and the working environment, thus employees will order their own supplies, customize their office and workspace as they see fit and schedule trips and meetings. Even when upper management or other groups make decisions for someone, they still have to take into consideration; ones interests, skills and abilities. While working for Microsoft, I would have the option of showing up to work when I want, and I could hire a decorator to do my office in my style of choice. Without someone else making my schedule for me, I believe I would be highly productive, because of not working under pressure thus being intrinsically motivated. Some companies imagine that employee development and education are undesirable for them since it exposes them to other skills and opportunities, which might make them quit and join other companies in posterity. However, Microsoft takes a radically different approach to the subject of personal employee development, it does not only supply a diverse variety of learning opportunities, but employees are expected to take advantage of them. In fact, one is even guided and directed in their choice of specialization in mid-year career discussions with personnel managers. After such discussions, the firm helps the employees get the experience required through training, shadowing an experienced professional or assigning those projects that will help them gain skills and experience. Indeed, management is so supportive to staff training and development that many of the employees especially new entrants are often spoilt for choice, as at least twenty days a year are spent on staff training. Working in such an environment, I would benefit a great deal since I am not only a quick learner but constantly thirsty for new knowledge. Thus, having an employer who not only encourages but also facilitates the acquisition of new knowledge and skills would epitomize the closest to a perfect job I can get. Microsoft’s compensations and benefits package are not only above the average for the IT industry, but also for the country as a whole since the firm pays more than most of the employers in America. Indeed, this might explain why they do not fear their employees gaining new skills since they do not fear losing them, since there are only few firms that could pay them more remuneration benefits than Microsoft. They also allow their staff to purchase shares of Microsoft at discounted prices, the firm has a team of financial advisors who help the employees develop their financial portfolio by making objective and informed decisions (Lee). Microsoft also shows a great deal of concern for the health of its employees as well as eligible

The Radical Past of Liberal Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Radical Past of Liberal Feminism - Essay Example Although all groups had the similarity in fighting for women’s rights the approaches to classify the problem and define the methods to improve the women’s position were quite unlike. Any idea which is worth existence in society is inevitable to create an interest group and be originated from the political system. Feminism was not an exception. Thus, two confrontational ideas of the political system – Marxist and bourgeois – gave the names of the two feminists’ groups which argued different approaches to women’s freedom and equal rights. Critics’ review of both groups can help clearly understand these differences. Feminista.com online journal critically examines Marxist and liberal approaches to women’s freedom without supporting any of them. They argue that neither Marxist societal focus on women’s financial independence nor liberal feminists’ accusations of women’s unequal position based on biological gender could not help women to change something. (One Purpose, Many Voices). Let us have a deeper look why both approaches were not successful. Marxist feminism bought up the idea of turning the capitalist society into socialist one where no one (see men) has financially higher position and, therefore, women gain financial freedom. Yet, to have nothing means to be free. But who wants to not have any possessions or property for the idea of equal rights? If there is no property there is no control. If there is no control there is no any society, even socialist society. Thus, women should have been strived for gaining higher financial position rather than dismissing men from their financially dominant scale. Many feminists could not support Marxist approach because they were willing to be equal rich instead of being equal poor. Comparing with Marxist approach liberal feminists had quite an opposite focus. While Marxists desired to change a society as a structure liberalists focused on changing individuals in their society.  

Effect of Ph and Glucose on Plant Growth

Effect of Ph and Glucose on Plant Growth Abstract: An experiment was designed and conducted to investigate the population growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under various environment conditions such as temperature, pH levels and glucose concentration. The research questions were then arrived as: What is the effect of differing temperatures on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing pH levels on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing glucose concentrations on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? The different temperatures were chosen based on kinetics and each temperature differing from the other by at least 10oC, so a notable change in the yeast population to be observed. Two of the temperatures chosen were below the optimum temperature and two above and one in the optimum temperature. Based on the optimum pH levels for the growth of the yeast, certain buffers with two pH values above and two below of the optimum pH and one in the optimum pH were prepared and stored. The glucose concentration that was used in cultures which tested for the effect of temperature and pH was chosen in such a way that would enable the yeast population to grow without limitation as far as glucose is concerned. One of the options for testing the effect of glucose over the yeast growth was the absence of glucose from the culture. The other options were to halve the optimum glucose concentration and the last was higher of the optimum value. When testing the different temperatures, the results showed that there was little growth in relative low and high temperatures and very high growth in the optimum temperature (the population almost quadrupled). In the different pH levels the yeast growth was little in low and high pH levels but was increased as pH was reaching the optimum pH. In the case of different glucose concentrations, the results showed that with no glucose in the culture was a small growth; in the glucose concentration of halve of the optimum value there was growth but again less than the optimum; in the glucose concentration above optimum there was very high growth as there was in the optimum value. Chapter 1: Introduction Research Questions: What is the effect of differing temperatures on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing pH levels on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? What is the effect of differing glucose concentrations on Saccharomyces cerevisiae population growth? The yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a single celled fungus that reproduces asexually by budding or division. It is one of the most well studied eukaryotic model organisms in both molecular and cell biology. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is maybe the most important and used fungus in the history of the world even from ancient times because of its use in the brewing of beer and in rising of dough in bread. That is the reason why is called brewers yeast and bakers yeast, due to the use of different strains of Saccharomyces for the alcoholic and sugar fermentation. S. cerevisiae is a very good type of yeast for biological studies owing to the rapid growth (doubling time 1.5-2 hours at 30  °C), the dispersed cells and the ease of replica planting. Moreover is a non-pathogenic organism, so can be handled fearlessly with only little precautions. Also large amounts of commercial bakers yeast are available with result being an easy and cheap source for biochemical studies. S. cerevisiae has round to ovoid cells between 3-8ÃŽÂ ¼m in diameter Respiration: In biology, respiration is defined as: the process by which the energy in food molecules is made available for an organism to do biological work (Kent, 2000; p.100). It is also called Cellular respiration. This process of cellular respiration happens in every living cell as it is the only way to obtain energy in a form that will be usable for the cell, so it can carry out the functions of movement, growth and reproduction (ibid). The food in yeasts must be obtained as they cannot produce it on their own. For yeasts, a very good source of energy is sugars. All strains of S. cerevisiae can metabolize glucose (a hexose sugar), maltose and trehalose. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Adenosine Triphospate known also as ATP is the form of chemical energy that cells use to carry out biological activities. Without ATP an organism cant survive. During cell respiration the energy that is found in food molecules is transformed to ATP (Kent, 2000; p.100). Types of Respiration: There are two main types of respiration that take place within a cell: Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) and Aerobic respiration (with oxygen). S. cerevisiae can metabolize sugars in both ways, but in this research the cultures of yeast were exposed to air hence to oxygen, so aerobic respiration was mainly the way that yeast cells grew and reproduced. Aerobic Respiration: Aerobic respiration is a complex process which involves different steps of reactions and its purpose is to metabolize food molecules. As these reactions take place and food is broken down, energy is released which is then used to synthesize ATP from ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Kent, 2000; p.101). These reactions are carried out by special enzymes. There are the three major metabolic stages in aerobic respiration: glycolysis (which is also part of anaerobic respiration), Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: The central phase of the aerobic respiration and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It involves the production of acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) (Kent, 2000; p.104). Electron Transport Chain: It involves the highest production of ATP during respiration, meaning the 90% of ATP is produced in this stage. This metabolic stage occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Greenwood. et al. 2007; p.127). Glycolysis: Cell respiration has to do with the production of ATP by the oxidation of sugars, fats or other substrates. In this research as substrate was used glucose. When glucose is the substrate, the first metabolic pathway of cell respiration is glycolysis, which is carried out by enzymes in the cytoplasm of the cell. A small amount of ATP is produced in this pathway by the oxidation of glucose. Glycolysis consists part of aerobic and anaerobic respiration because no oxygen is used (Allot, 2007; p.73). Enzymes: Thousands of chemical reactions are carried out within a cell. These reactions most of the times occur in a very slow rate. For that reason living organisms make biological catalysts which are called enzymes and speed up these reactions. Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions (Allot, 2007; p.18). An enzyme can increase to more than a billion of times the rate of a chemical reaction. Also cells can control which reaction occurs in their cytoplasm by making some enzymes and not others. Enzymes achieve to increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy (the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur) (Green. Et al. 2008; p.167)of the substrate or the substrates, when binding to the activation site (is the part of the enzymes surface into which the substrate is bound and undergoes reaction) (Greenwood. et al. 2007; p.114) Enzymes are sensitive molecules with very specific structure which enables them to carry out specific reactions. This structure including the active site can be damaged by various conditions and substrates. This damage is called denaturation and is usually permanent for an enzyme and if denaturation is occurred the enzyme can no longer carry out its function. As a result when enzymes are required to catalyze a reaction, is necessary that they have appropriate conditions. It should be remembered that different enzymes have different ideal conditions. The factors that affect the enzyme activity are: the temperature, the pH, the substrate concentration. In a specific point for each of the previous factors, enzymes work in the most effective way, known as optimum conditions. The effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration upon the enzyme activity which affects the growth of S. cerevisiae yeast cells are studied in this research. Effect of Temperature: As the temperature is increased in an enzyme-catalysed reaction, the rate of reaction is increased up to maximum in a specific temperature. This is called optimum temperature. The optimum temperature of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 30o- 32oC. In temperatures below of the optimum, when increasing the temperature there is an increase in the kinetic energy of the reactants and there are more frequent collisions between the active site and the substrates, so the activity of the enzymes is increased. The rate still rises as the temperature increases; till it reaches the highest rate where is the optimum temperature hence the highest enzyme activity. Above this temperature the rate starts to drop rapidly. This is due to the high energy that causes vibration inside the enzyme with result the bonds which maintain the structure of enzyme to break. This causes denaturation and the active site can no longer fit the substrate. Overall, at very low temperatures the enzyme activity hence the rate is low due to the low kinetic energy of the substrate but there is no denaturation, at the optimum temperature the rate is the highest and levels off because the increase in kinetic energy of substrate is cancelled out by the denaturation of the enzyme and at high temperatures enzymes are denaturated and the rate falls dramatically because denaturation exceeds the high kinetic energy of the substrates. These are summarized in the following graph. Effect of pH (hydrogen ion concentration): Most of the enzymes operate effectively in a small range of pH values. Between these pH values there is an optimum pH value in which the enzyme activity is the highest. The optimum pH of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 5.5. Acids and alkalis cause denaturation of the structure of the enzyme by breaking mainly hydrogen and ionic bonds with result the substrate cant fit the active site. Furthermore the charges of the amino acids within the active site are affected by pH changes, so the enzyme is not able to form an enzyme-substrate complex. Above and below the optimum pH the enzymatic activity hence the rate is reduced considerably. Effect of Substrate concentration: In an enzyme-catalysed reaction the rate increases in direct proportion to the substrate concentration. The optimum glucose concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 2%. At low substrate concentrations, the rate of enzymatic activity increases sharply as the substrate increases. This occurs due to the more frequent collisions between the substrate molecules and the unoccupied active sites. On the other hand, at high substrate concentrations the biggest part of the active sites have been occupied with result when increasing the substrate concentration there is little effect on the rate of enzymatic activity. Chapter 2: Methodology Objectives of the study: To determine how the different temperatures affect the growth of population of S. cerevisiae. To determine how the different pH values affect the population growth of S. cerevisiae. To determine how the different glucose concentrations affect the population growth of S. cerevisiae. Hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: The population of S. cerevisiae will grow the most at the optimum temperature, meaning between 28oC to 32oC, and also the population growth at temperatures below the optimum will be higher than the population growth at temperatures above the optimum. Hypothesis 2: In the optimum pH, meaning at low acidic conditions of pH 5.5 to pH 6, there will be the highest S. Cerevisiae yeast cell population growth. At pH levels above and below the optimum pH there will be less growth but this growth level will be relatively of the same degree for the values of pH above and below. Hypothesis 3: In the optimum glucose concentration, meaning about 2% glucose, will occur the highest yeast growth. In the glucose concentration below of the optimum there will be much lower growth, whereas in the absence of glucose there will be almost none yeast growth. Variables: When testing the effect of differing temperatures on S. cerevisiae population growth: Independent variable: Temperature (5o C, 15oC, 30oC, 50oC, 60oC). Dependent variable: Number of S. cerevisiae cells. Controlled variables: 7mL buffer of pH 6 in every test tube, glucose concentration 2mL (2% glucose solution) in every test tube and 1mL yeast (0.02% yeast solution) in every test tube. When testing the effect of differing pH levels: Independent variable: pH (3, 4, 6, 8). Dependent variable: Number of S. cerevisiae cells. Controlled variables: Temperature (30oC), glucose concentration 2mL (2% glucose solution) in every test tube, 7mL buffer in every test tube, 1mL yeast (0.02% yeast solution). When testing the effect of differing glucose concentrations on S. cerevisiae population growth: Independent variable: Glucose concentration (0mL, 1mL, 2mL, 3mL of 2% glucose solution each). Dependent variable: The number of S. cerevisiae cells. Controlled variables: Temperature (30oC), 9mL buffer of pH 6 at 0mL glucose, 8mL buffer of pH 6 at 1mL glucose, 7mL buffer of pH 5.5 at 2mL glucose, 6mL buffer of pH 6 at 3mL glucose, 1mL yeast (0.02% yeast solution) in every test tube. Materials/ Apparatus: Test tubes Burette Micropipettes Pipettes Pipette-fillers Graduated cylinder of 10mL, 250mL and 1000mL Volumetric Flasks of 250mL and 1000mL Funnels Spatula Weight boats Beakers Plastic wash bottles Plastic bottles Cover slip Haemocytometer Microscope Digital multi-log Balance Waterbath Magnetic stirrer Thermometer Ethanol 70% 0.1M Citric acid 0.2M Sodium hydrogen phosphate Distilled water Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Source of yeast: YIOTIS S.A, INDUSTRY OF NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS, ATHENS, GREECE. Procedure: Day 1: The first step before the start of the aerobic fermentation of yeast was to prepare the buffers. For the preparation of buffers of different pH, citric acid (3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid) and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) were used. Four plastic bottles, labeled each with one pH value (3, 4, 6, 8 respectively), were required. 100mL of each of the buffers were prepared. The stock solutions of citric acid and Na2HPO4 firstly prepared. For the preparation of stock solution of citric acid of concentration 0.1M and volume 1L, 19.2g of citric acid and 1L distilled water required. For the preparation of stock solution of Na2HPO4 of concentration 0.2M and volume 1L, 28.4g Na2HPO4 and 1L distilled water required. A balance and a weigh boat required for the measuring of masses. The solutions were added and stored in two volumetric flasks of 1L respectively, which measured the volume of distilled water. Citric acid and Na2HPO4 were added into the flasks with the aid of funnels. The volumes were measured and put into four different plastic bottles by using two burettes of 50mL. The validity of each pH value checked by using a digital multi-log. The next step was to prepare the glucose solution. For the preparation of glucose one volumetric flask of 500mL used to measure the volume of distilled water and to store the glucose solution. 10g of glucose were weighed by using a balance, a weigh boat and a spatula. Half of a 100mL beaker filled with distilled water was used to dissolve the 10g of glucose. A magnetic stirrer used for better dissolution. After glucose was complete dissolved, was added to the 500mL flask using a funnel. The rest of the flask was filled up to 500mL with distilled water. Then, the yeast solution prepared for the purpose of the experiments of that day. Every day a new yeast solution was prepared. For the yeast solution 0.10g of dry yeast were weighted from sachet with a spatula and placed on the weight boat. The yeast was added to a 1000mL volumetric flask filled with 500mL distilled water with the aid of a funnel in order to avoid staking of dry yeast in the cylindrical walls of the flask. Afterwards the solution was swirled by smooth shaking. After everything was ready the experiments for the studying of the effect of differing temperatures on S. cerevisiae growth initiated. Three water baths were prepared and each one adjusted in three different temperatures 30oC, 50oC and 60oC. Each temperature was tested by using a thermometer and a digital multi-log sensor. Two refrigerators were used for the low temperatures and adjusted at 5oC and 15oC. After all temperatures have been reached, the preparation of cultures started. Five test tubes labelled with one temperature each. The cultures were prepared with half an hour difference in order to test the stability of the temperature and to take a sample from each test tube and count the initial population. A pipette of 25mL used to introduce the glucose to the test tube. A 10mL graduated cylinder used to measure the volume of the buffer and then was introduced into the test tube also. Then with another 25mL pipette, 1mL yeast was taken and placed also into the test tube. The yeas t solution was shaken before taking the sample as yeast cells tend to sink to the bottom of the flask due to their weight. Afterwards by using a micropipette, a sample was taken from the culture inside the test tube and placed on haemocytometer and then to the microscope to count the initial population (the cells found in the borders of the chambers were counted). The haemocytometer is a specialised microscopical apparatus used to count cells and other organelles. A haemocytometer consists of two counting chambers. Each chamber consists of an arrangement of squares of different sizes which are used to count easily the cells. These squares of different size form different grid layouts. In the centre of each chamber it is found a grid of squares of 0.2mm 0.2mm 0.1mm dimensions. There is another grid of squares of dimensions 0.25mm 0.25mm 0.1mm, in each of the four corners around the central grid. The grids of squares of 0.25mm 0.25mm 0.1mm dimensions were used for the counting of the yeast cells. A cover slip is placed above the chambers, so the samples are spread equally due to capillary action on the counting area. The test tube was then placed for 24hours in the temperature corresponding to what was labeled. This procedure was the same for the rest four test tubes. In the end of the day the glucose solution 2% was placed in the refrigerator, the 1000mL flask with the yeast solution, the haemocytometer, the cover glass and all the other apparatus was cleaned with ethanol 70% and washed with distilled water and left to dry. The use of 70% ethanol for the cleaning of haemocytometer doesnt have any negative effect on the yeast cells that were place on it to be counted. This happened in the end of every day. Day 2: The next day each test tube was removed with half an hour difference in the order that they were left for fermentation. Then a sample was taken with the use of a micropipette and placed on haemocytometer and again to microscope to count the yeast cells. After finishing with temperature testing the next thing was to study the effect of pH levels on S. cerevisiae population growth. A yeast solution was prepared the same way as Day 1. The glucose solution was removed from the refrigerator. Clean test tubes taken and labeled with different pH values 3, 4, 6, 8. A water bath adjusted at 30oC. Again, every culture was prepared the same way as Day 1 and placed in a test tube with half an hour difference. All test tubes with different pH levels were placed in the same water bath for 24hours. Before each test tube was placed in water bath, a sample was taken to count the initial population of each. Day 3: The cultures were removed in the order that were left to ferment and samples were taken to count the yeast population from each one. Between each measurement the haemocytometer was cleaned as was mentioned in Day 1. Finally, the effect of glucose concentration on yeast population growth was left. New yeast solution was prepared. The water was adjusted at 30oC. In clean test tubes the new cultures were prepared to test the glucose concentrations. The test tubes were labelled each with one concentration value. Samples were taken from each to count the initial population. The cultures were placed in water bath to ferment. Day 4: The cultures were removed from water bath and samples taken to count the yeast population. Weaknesses and Improvements: Weakness Improvement In the populations of yeasts cells that were counted in the microscope, there were both alive and dead cells  or denaturated cells. A dye such as methylene blue could be used to determine in each counting the live and the dead or inactive cells. The cells which would remain colorless would indicate enzyme activity and the dead or denaturated cells would be turned into blue. Methylene blue should be used only after the fermentation has finished because it inhibits the yeast cells by consuming the hydrogen ions that are produced during respiration. The test tubes, where the yeast cultures were left for fermentation, were slightly closed on the top with cotton in order to prevent the entrance of other microorganisms. This cotton plug prevented the easy flow of fresh air (containing oxygen) inside the test tube. This limited the availability of oxygen supply that the yeasts required in order to grow aerobically. The test tubes can be placed to ferment aerobically in a closed container such as BioFlo 3000. This kind of bio processing systems provide a wide range of options that enables the researcher to adjust a standard air flow which includes different options of certain proportions oxygen ggand air which can respond to oxygen-demanding yeasts or any other microorganism. There was absence of some basic element sources in every yeast culture that are necessary for better fermentation conditions such nitrogen and phosphorus sources. Lack of such sources lead to relatively low cell growth comparing to the growth that could be achieved without the absence of such elements. Bacto-peptone can be used as an organic nitrogen source. Yeast extract makes available many bio nutrients required for the fermentation of yeast cells. It also provides essential water soluble vitamins, amino acids, peptides and carbohydrates. Chapter 3: Data Collection and Processing Calculation of cell concentration In order to calculate the cell concentration for each factor, the comperative mean values, which are displayed above, were used. These mean values were applied to the following formula which enables to convert counted cells into cell concentration: In the above formula, C is the viable cells/mL, N is the counted cells, D is the dilution factor and 103 is the haemocytometer correction factor. An example with the application of the formula of cell concentration for the factor of temperature at 5oC and after 24 hours of fermentation is shown below: In the case of 24 hours of fermentation at temperature at 5oC, the viable counted cells, N=34.25, the dilution factor, D=1. In all experiments, when testing the different factors, the dilution factor is always one (D=1). Representation of calculated data of cell concentrations Tables of cell conentration (cells/mL) for the differing temperature values: Table with the initial population: Temperatures()  ±0.5 Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Table with the 24 hours fermented population: Temperatures()  ±0.5 Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Tables of cell conentration (cells/mL) for the differing pH levels: Table with the initial population: pH Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Table with the 24 hours fermented population: pH Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Tables of cell conentration (cells/mL) for the differing glucose concentrations: Table with the initial population: Glucose 2% concentrations (mL) Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Table with the 24 hours fermented population: Glucose 2% concentrations (mL) Cells/mL (Chamber 1, Chamber 2) (counted cells) Standard Deviation Chapter 4: Analysis and Interpretation 4.1 Graphs The data that is used for the sketching of the graphs is shown in chapter 3, in Data Processing, Representation of calculated data of cell concentrations. The respective table values were used for each of the factors. The software that was used for the sketching of the graphs is, Graph 4.3 (Ivan Johansen, 2007). effect of Temperature on S. cerevisiae population growth The effect of pH on S. cerevisiae population growth The effect of substrate Glucose concentration on S. cerevisiae population growth 4.2 Interpretation Testing Hypothesis 1: Comparing the different temperatures that the S. cerevisiae population left to grow, it can be seen based on both the cell concentration and the graph, that below 30oC the of the population grows rapidly as the temperature increases; the yeast population almost doubles when temperature increases from 5oC to 15oC and almost triples when temperature increases from 15oC to 30oC . Above 30oC the growth of the population is highly decreased; yeast population becomes almost 3.5 times less when temperature increases from 30oC to 50oC and when temperature increases from 50oC to 60oC the population decreases very slightly. As a result, the highest S. cerevisiae population growth is observed at 30oC. Consequently this should be the optimum temperature. Moreover, as temperature below the optimum point increases the population increases more from its initial value than it does at temperatures above the optimum point. Overall the hypothesis confirmed. Testing Hypothesis 2: Evaluating the yeast population growth at the different pH levels, it can be seen that the increase of population above and below the value of pH 6 is almost the same. The fact that at pH 6 it is observed the highest population growth implies that this is the optimum pH level. The lowest growth is observed at pH 3 and pH 8. In these specific pH levels the growth is slightly higher at pH 8 (population increases approximately 1.7 times) than it is at pH 3 (population increases approximately 1.3 times). The growth is higher in pH 8 as it is closer to the optimum pH. At pH 4 the increase in population is almost the same as it is at pH 8. Both pH 4 and pH 8 differ by 2 pH levels from the optimum level but the yeast population at pH 4 increases approximately 1.982 times where at pH 8 the population increases 1.7 times. This shows that S. cerevisiae operates better at acidic conditions. Overall the hypothesis is confirmed. Testing Hypothesis 3: Analysing the growth of S. cerevisiae at different glucose concentrations and for 24 hours of fermentation, the results obtained show that in the absence of glucose from the culture the yeast population didnt increase at all. The only increase that was observed from its initial population was 1.091.1 times, meaning that this 0.1 increase may have occurred due to the capacity of energy within the yeast cells. At 1% glucose concentration it was observed sufficient growth. The yeast population almost doubled from its initial value (increased approximately by 1.8 times). In higher glucose concentration the yeast cells population respond greater and as a result a higher population growth was observed. The initial population increased 3.9 times, meaning that almost quadrupled. In even higher glucose concentrations the population increased highly again but not enough so to be able to say that at 24 hours of fermentation S. cerevisiae requires more energy to reach the maximum replication cap acity. The population increased 3.954.00 times, almost the same of that of 2% concentration. Moreover, based on the graph plotted for glucose concentrations, it can be seen that after 2% glucose concentration the yeast population reaches plateau without any further increase. So the limiting growth glucose concentration is at 2%. Overall the hypothesis is confirmed.

What Did You Buy Into Today? Essay -- Advertising Media Papers

What Did You Buy Into Today? Take a look at your shoes. Check the breast of the shirt you are wearing. Don’t forget the ass of your pants. What about the food you ate for lunch or the computer you typed your paper on? There is no denying that we are living in a brand name life. People have become consumers whether they’ve wanted to or not. It is impossible to walk through life without being bombarded by image after image of a branded identity. From Nike to McDonald’s, Apple to Evian, the â€Å"brand† has worked its way into consumer consciousness on a level that has not been seen in the past. Humans strive for individuality, so how did we so willingly give ourselves over to the brands that now consume us? A common misconception about branding is that branding and advertising are both one in the same. This, however, is not the case. Advertising is only one key component that a company uses to create their own branded image; an image that encompasses everything the company wants the public to know about the meaning of its products. Advertising is just an outlet to get that message across. â€Å"Branding† is a by-product of a society that has too many similar products, a natural occurrence in a free-market capitalist country. The goal of branding is to separate one similar product from another by altering the way that a consumer feels about a certain product at a sub-conscious level. For instance, a marketing campaign common to almost all of us tries to create a distinction in our mind between Coke and Pepsi. To do this, brand makers will work to infiltrate their target market and create an image for the product that closely resembles the image of the target market, thus burning i n the idea that their product is an important aspect of so... ...Nike swoosh being altered to resemble a gun shooting the high soaring basketball player. The results are quick and effective, and spread to others outside your immediate sphere of influence. The more you expose the underlying meaning of the ads around us the more people will think about all the ads and marketing pushes that coincide with their life. It’s time to once again reclaim your life as your own. Question the images put before you. Urge others to do the same. Support independent retail outlets and companies that still produce the products that they are selling to you. If you must buy branded products, purchase them second hand. If there’s a mass exodus away from the cash registers of these branded pseudo companies then the tides will change and we’ll see our lives return to us as they once stood, uninterrupted and full with a passion for living once again.

Why So Expensive

College is said to be some of the best years of your life. The parties, the freedom, and the new experience help you find new friends, hopefully a career and yourself, but rising college cost are having young adults stressing instead of enjoying the college experience. Every year less and less states are giving their college’s money and more and more students are asking for financial aid or taking out student loans. The more that college tuition continues to rise the more of a financial toll it will take on students family and the more debt students trying to earn degrees will accumulate if we don’t try to find a way to get the state and government to help with college costs. For public colleges and universities the price of education rose 14. 1% more than the year before and for private schools it rose 6%, but is the economy the thing to blame for rising costs (Weston)? Ivy League schools, private schools, and public schools will do about anything to make it on U. S. news and World Reports annual college rankings or other college related programs by spending more money on high-speed internet, bigger and more extravagant dining facilities, new gyms and equipment, and having apartments on campus instead of dorms (Asinof). In the 1990s the stock market and big money donors helped keep college cost reasonable, but since the economy is in a recession money is hard to come by especially for big establishments. Student loans and financial aid help many students when it comes to paying for college, but there are some people who â€Å"make too much† to receive financial aid when in reality they need financial aid just as much as the kid coming from the single parent home with five siblings. Some argue you that there shouldn’t be an income cut off when it comes to giving someone government assistance, but if everyone who needed government assistance received it then the government would have a money problem when it comes to putting students through higher education. Many politicians, District Education Boards and school administrators agree on the fact that declining state support for education is the main reason behind plummeting college costs (Asinof). Since the start of the economic crisis in the Untied States the tuition and mandatory fees for public four year schools in every state increased. Boston College, for example, in 2006 for an out of stator to attend it cost 33,000 dollars and now to attend for the 2010 year it costs about 39,000 dollars (College Board). The state’s where tuition has increased the most has been Massachusetts and South Carolina where the price has jumped 26 percent (Weston). The tuition price has also been raised for community colleges as well making a two-year higher education just as expensive if you were to go to a community college out of state. The economy does play a big part in rising college costs, but so do the state the college is in as well. The state is responsible to help cover tuition costs. More needed money for health care has put a shadow over education and because of that shadow the tuitions will either stay where they are or continue to rise (Weston). Without help paying for education the younger generation will either choose to work minimum wage jobs or will be covered with debt for half of their lives. Kelli Space, 23, graduated from Northeastern University in 2009 with a bachelor's in sociology and also $200,000 in student loan debt (Rowley). Over the last couple of years, private lenders, nominated by college financial aid offices, have been giving young people hundreds of thousands of dollars to earn bachelor's degrees (Rowley). As a result of declining grants and costs, more than two-thirds of students graduated with debt in 2008 which is 45 percent more than in 1993 (Rowley). People are beginning to compare the student loan crisis that is happening to young people to the mortgage crisis that is happening to home and small business owners. Families are finding it easier to recieve a loan from private student loan firms because of how easy they make it seem to barrow money and pay for college when in reality private loan companies have strict repayment rules and have extremely high interest rates. Tuition costs are beginning to outweigh the federal loans and grants (Rowley). Many of my friends have been saying they are trying to avoid student loans as much as possible by going to a community college first or trying to save up enough money to pay the college up front, but when it all comes down to it,in this day and age, more than one-third of college student will have to take out at least one student loan to finish their education. There has always been a cost and price on education. The cost of working hard, the price of going out instead of studying, the cost of finding a major, and the cost of fun. Now the cost and price of paying for education is unbearable and getting to the point of being unpayable. When will the states realize education is just as important as the new pavement need on I35- south and just as important as healthcare that they will be able to lower tuition costs? Hopefully soon or this generation will have a debt epidemic that no president can promise to fix.

Editing Within Digital Filmmaking Essay

Lori Landay elucidates that in the present age of digital transformations, communications and storytelling, the saying of McLuhan that â€Å"the medium is the message† can be further said that the media is the mix. Digital forms of narrative are not only characterized by their mixed, hybrid forms and content, but by their recombinations. It is used to draw the spectator into the mix in many different ways. It is through the mixing of the different degrees of non-linearity and interactivity that digital narratives are able to form different kinds of digital spectatorship. She looks at three films and states that in different yet interconnected ways, these ways can tend to divert the spectator from the traditional ways of finding meaning to one’s narrative. Different modes are able to elicit different ways of storytelling and fresh ways of looking, thereby, editing scenes in the process. Source 2: Tsai, Tabitha and Czarnecki, Kelly . Digital filmmaking for the 21st century. Library Journal, 2/1/2008. Machinima Goes Mainstream. Article Retrieved June 9, 2008 http://journal. media-culture. org. au/0104/trans. php Machinima is a filmmaking genre that is used in order to shape video for the 21st century. It is a new term that is coined from the words machine and cinema and is a genre of filmmaking that was originally conceived by gamers in the 1990s. During the past years, machinima has gone more mainstream and creativity has been maximized to the limits. Machinima is filmmaking that is done within a real-time, 3-D kind of environment. Basically, machinima uses real-world filmmaking techniques within an interactive virtual environment where characters and events are controlled by humans, scripts, or artificial intelligence. The video games are the ones that provide the settings, props, costumes, and characters which are needed to be able to tell an original story. Filmmakers are able to capture actual footage as MTV Central and video games like Sims 2 have in-game recording options which help the filmmakers to capture footage. For this to be accessed, there is a need for a screen capture software program in order to import game environments where there are no built-in machinima tools. Remixing audio and video content is also among the newer gadgets available among budding machinimists. Source 3: Theodosakis, Nikos. How Digital Filmmaking Develops Higher-Order Thinking Skills. Article Retrieved June 9, 2008 at: http://www. vste. org/publications/journal/attach/vj_1602/vj_1602_08. pdf This article posits that in the classroom, the process of filmmaking entails that students must be able to imagine what they will need in order to come up with a movie. They need to develop a strategy that involves managerial skills such as planning, production and editing where they will start gathering a logical series of events. The author logical lays out what is entailed in the planning stage emphasizing that feature films are rarely shot in a sequential order in order to save time, money and effort. As part of editing, the scenes are grouped according to location or actors or even according to equipment availability. Analytical skills must also be present to a large measure so that during the editing process, one can see multiple takes of the same shots and multiple shots of the same scene and then decide which information best illustrates the message being set forth (Theodosakis). The author wants to point out that the goal of filmmaking in the classroom must be executed so that students will be able to experience these skills in preparation for the future use in their own worlds beyond the classroom.

4 Steps to Creating a Speech that Inspires and Entertains

4 Steps to Creating a Speech that Inspires and Entertains 1. Define Your Message All good speeches center around a clear message. Figuring out what message you want to deliver is your first step. Start by defining a topic area, if your instructor has not already done that for you. For example, lets imagine that your speech must be on the topic of wellness and health. This topic is too broad for a speech. In order to define your message, you have to narrow things down. As you learn how to write a speech, you will begin to understand that the sharper the focus of your message is, the greater the chance that it will be well received. One of the best ways to define your message is to find something about your topic that is meaningful to you. Maybe a loved one inspired you by working hard to lose a lot of weight. If this is the case, your message could be that anybody can become healthy and get into shape no matter what. 2. Create a Basic Outline This is a bit like writing an essay. Your speech needs a beginning, middle, and end. Forming an outline is an extremely important aspect of speech writing, because it forces you to define that beginning, middle, and end in a very concrete way. Here are some things to include in your outline: Introduction (beginning) Introduction of yourself Letting the audience know what the topic is and why it is meaningful to you Telling a story or giving some facts that will have emotional impact Body (middle) Giving the facts What the audience can do Why they should care Call to action Inspiring the audience to take action Conclusion (end) Reiterate faith in the audience Restate the message 3. Choose an Approach Much of this decision will be driven by your own personality, and the subject matter. You will find it difficult to deliver a fiery speech if you are naturally an introverted and subdued personality. If you are speaking about a topic that is sensitive in nature, you may not be able to write a humorous speech. Learning how to write a good speech means selecting an effective approach based on your own personality, audience, and the subject matter. 4. Use Power Words What makes a good speech? The use of power words is what makes a speech compelling and inspirational. Power words are words that have an emotional impact and that make people want to take action. These are words such as force, strength, achieve, develop, tyranny, triumph, bravery, brazen, wonderful, thief, jail, and privacy. There are many internet resources that contain lists of power words, and the emotions that they evoke. Keep one of these lists handy as you write your speech and it is sure to be inspiring. It will also help you to keep your audience engaged during your delivery.

Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Essays

Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Essays Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Paper Describe the most important features of Liturgical worship, non liturgical and charismatic worship Paper In a liturgical Church, services have a set order. This means that all services are always exactly the same, no matter what country they are conducted in. The only difference is the language it is conducted in.In Liturgical Church services, the altar is at the centre of the Eucharist, or thanksgiving. This is because the altar is the place where the sacrifice of the Eucharist takes place. This is the sacrifice made by Jesus on the cross. This gift of himself is shown in the bread and wine offered at the Eucharist.Roman Catholics believe in the Transubstantiation. This is the act in which the bread and the wine offered by the priest at the altar actually become the body and blood of Christ. The bread and the wine also remind us of the Last Supper shared by Jesus and the Apostles.The priest wears special garments to show that he is different from the laity (the congregation). The long white garment worn on the inside is called the Alb. It is meant to remind us of the long, flowing whit e garments worn in the middle east, which is of course where Jesus lived, to keep cool. The outer garment is called the Chasuble. Chasubles have been used since Roman times, so the priest wears it as a symbol of the antiquity of the priesthood. The colour of the Chasuble depends upon the time of the religious calendar. It is a different colour during each major festival of the year, e.g.: purple during Lent.Finally, the priest wears a Stole. This is the long scarf-like garment he wears around the neck and which almost reaches down to his ankles. It is a symbol of the priests authority.The most important part of the Liturgical service is the Liturgy of the Word. It is a planned reading read by the priest, and represents the theme of the entire service. The theme corresponds with the time of the liturgical or religious year.In a non-liturgical Church, services have no set order. Instead, the Bible is the focus of services, and worship is spontaneous, often involving joyful singing and dancing. Church buildings are a lot plainer, and the altar is a table. A lot more importance is given to the Sermon preaching and teaching from the minister, and to prayer, than to ceremony and tradition. Again the offering of the bread and the wine plays an important part, but as in the charismatic and Anglican denominations, the Church does not believe in the Transubstantiation. Community singing and hymn books play important parts in worship.In charismatic Churches, attention is mainly focused n the Holy Spirit. There is no service order as the congregation wait upon the Holy Spirit to provide the inspiration and its gifts. Worship involves plenty of drama, with healing of illnesses etc. via the laying on of hands by the minister, people speaking in prophecy tongues, and enthusiastic hymns. There are no symbols in the church building, which can often be just a plain building. Great importance is also placed upon Bible readings, the preaching of the minister, and prayer.

French Vocabulary Related to Soccer and the World Cup

French Vocabulary Related to Soccer and the World Cup Whether you love playing soccer or just watching games like the World Cup,   learn some French soccer terms so you can talk about the sport. Note that in the U.S., football refers to  football amà ©ricain. In most of the rest of the world, football is what Americans call soccer. French Soccer Vocabulary In French,  le  football  means soccer in English, and le foot translates as football. These and related terms are vital to know if you want to talk knowledgeably about soccer in French. Le football, le foot   soccer, footballLa Coupe du monde, le Mondial   World CupLe match game, matchLa pà ©riode halfLa mi-temps   halftimeLe temps rà ©glementaire regular time (the standard 90-minute game)es arrà ªts de jeu stoppage timeLa prolongation overtime People and Players When talking about football in French, its important to learn the French terms related to the game of soccer. Une à ©quipe teamLes Bleus  Ã‚  the Blues - French soccer teamUn footballeu  Ã‚  soccer/football playerUn joueur  Ã‚  playerUn gardien de but, goal  Ã‚  goalieUn dà ©fenseur  Ã‚  defenderUn libero  Ã‚  sweeperUn ailier  Ã‚  wingerUn avant, attaquant  Ã‚  forwardUn buteur  Ã‚  strikerUn meneur de jeu  Ã‚  playmakerUn remplaà §ant  Ã‚  substituteUn entraineur  Ã‚  coachUn arbitre  Ã‚  refereeUn juge/arbitre de touche   line judge, assistant referee Plays and Penalties Understanding soccer in French means learning the terms for plays and penalties that are an inevitable part of soccer. Un but  Ã‚  goalUn but contre son camp  Ã‚  own goalLe carton jaune  Ã‚  yellow cardLe carton rouge  Ã‚  red cardUn caviar  Ã‚  perfect passDes contestations / protestations  Ã‚  dissentUn corner  Ã‚  corner kickun coup franc, coup de pied arrà ªtà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  free kickUn coup franc direct / indirect  Ã‚  direct / indirect kickUn coup de tà ªte  Ã‚  head buttUne faute  Ã‚  foulUne faute de main  Ã‚  hand ballUne feinte  Ã‚  fake outUn grand pont  Ã‚  kick/pass around a players legsHors-jeu  Ã‚  offsideUn match nul  Ã‚  tie game, drawLe mur  Ã‚  the wallUne passe  Ã‚  passUn pà ©nalty  Ã‚  penalty kickUn petit pont  Ã‚  nutmeg, between-the-legs passLe point de pà ©nalty  Ã‚  penalty spotUne remise en jeu, une touche  Ã‚  throw inUne simulation  Ã‚  dive (fake fall)Six mà ¨tres  Ã‚  goal kickSorti  Ã‚  out of boundsLa surface de but  Ã‚  6-yard boxLa surface de rà ©paration  Ã‚  penalty boxUn tacle  Ã‚  tackleNe tà ªte  Ã‚  h eaderLa volà ©e  Ã‚  volley Equipment Equipment is a key part of French soccer, as these terms demonstrate. Le stade  Ã‚  stadiumLe terrain de jeu  Ã‚  playing field, pitchLe milieu du terrain  Ã‚  midfieldLe ballon de foot  Ã‚  soccer ball, footballLes crampons  Ã‚  cleatsLe filet  Ã‚  goal netLe maillot  Ã‚  uniform, kitLe piquet de corner  Ã‚  corner flagLe protà ¨ge-tibia  Ã‚  shin guardLe sifflet  Ã‚  whistle Verbs Soccer is a game of action, so verbs- action words- are an important part of the game. Amortir  Ã‚  to trap, controlBà ©tonner  Ã‚  to put up a strong defenseContrà ´ler le ballon  Ã‚  to control the ballDà ©border  Ã‚  to get past an opponentDribbler  Ã‚  to dribbleÊtre en position de hors-jeu  Ã‚  to be offsideExpulser  Ã‚  to send offFaire du chiquà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  to (take a) diveFaire une passe  Ã‚  to pass (the ball)Faire une tà ªte  Ã‚  to head (the ball)Faucher  Ã‚  to bring downFeinter  Ã‚  to fakeJouer la ligne de hors-jeu, jouer le hors-jeu  Ã‚  to set an offside trapMarquer (un but)  Ã‚  to score (a goal)Mener  Ã‚  to lead, be winningSauver un but/penalty  Ã‚  to save a goal/penaltyTirer  Ã‚  to shoot, kick

Hamlet's Describe Ophelia's Mad Scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hamlet's Describe Ophelia's Mad Scene - Essay Example Ophelia leaves and re-enters, this time singing of the way her father was buried. Her lyrics are quite meaningful and bring the weaknesses of Gertrude and Claudius to the limelight. Her madness is important for Claudius because he thinks it to be the reason for a change in Hamlet’s attitude. Laertes is provoked by the saddening songs of his sister. Her songs remind Laertes of his killed father. Therefore, his passion to take revenge of his father’s murder flares up because of ophelia’s songs. Ophelia’s indication of the seduction of maids causes the audience to think as if Hamlet has had an affair with her on a physical level, though this mystery remains unresolved throughout the play. Gertrude is particularly disturbed by Ophelia’s song because inspired Laertes may harm Claudius taking him for the murderer of Polonius. Later, Ophelia offers different flowers to Claudius, Gertrude and Laertes. To Laertes, Ophelia presents Rosemary and Pansies. To Cl audius, Ophelia hands over Daisies and Rues and she gives Columbines and Fennel to Gertrude. In Shakespeare’s age, each of these flowers had standard meanings. Pansies and Rosemary were used to signify remembrance. Thus, by giving Laertes these flowers, Ophelia essentially makes Laertes remember his father and encourages him to take his revenge. Columbines and Fennels signified unfaithfulness and flattery respectively.

Loose-leaf for Essentials of Life-Span Development Research Paper

Loose-leaf for Essentials of Life-Span Development - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the best way the Garcia parents can solve this impasse is by using authoritative parenting. The fact that authoritative parenting is more lenient compared to the authoritarian model of parenting necessities the consideration of the Garcia parents. This is because, the main beneficiaries of parenting, Kerry and Timothy are still young. Timothy, in this case, has a desire to copy his parents and to create gaming situations. Unlike the authoritarian model which is emphatic on the following of rules and regulations and the meting out of punishment, the authoritative model is more lenient and readily amenable to administrative and democratic styles of training and leadership. It is a fact that Timothy, in this case, is too young to appreciate the import of punishment and regulations. In a closely related wavelength, it is true that the authoritarian model of parenting may not auger well with Timothy’s emotional and intellectual develop ment. It is at this time that children become more inquisitive and ask many questions. At this stage, the leniency of the authoritative model will Timothy acquire more knowledge from Patricia and Michael Garcia. It is at Timothy’s stage that he is bound to resolve his struggle with the Oedipal complex with learning and accepting the social role identification which the society assigns. Should natural desires and goals overwhelm or frustrate timothy, Timothy will become predisposed to guilt feelings. Again, it is important to remember that it is at this stage where Timothy’s most important relationship is with the Garcias, his basic family. This may demand that Patricia and Michael make readjustments on their work schedules which will help them be present during Timothy’s development.

FCB Australia Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FCB Australia Agency - Essay Example at run through a haze of corporate and organizational assumptions and goals have been invariably influenced by the relative importance of dynamic event-oriented outcomes including those related to the benchmarking organizational efforts (www.adage.com/datacenter/2008) . 1.1. Organizational Structure of Draft FCBThe organizational structure of Draft FCB Australia is said to be unique in that it's probably the only organization with a unified agency structure thus delivering its communications services through-the-lines capabilities to a diverse and complex group of clientele. The operational structure in regional agencies like that of Australia and New Zealand is democratically structured with a country head or director in charge. The company's optimal operational structure with the Integration Committee of 35 individuals is headed by a president and a world chief creative officer. Three major tiers can be identified in its managerial and operational hierarchy. The first tier at the top is occupied by the President, the Chief Executive Officer and the Global Chief Creative Officer. Immediately under the above triumvirate comes the layer of Integration Committee Members who assume both executive powers and accountability to the top management (Briggs & Stuart, 2006). Each Committee member is responsible for the design, planning and implementation of the company's integration policy in a few assigned countries. The third tier is occupied by those senior managers whose responsibilities include the planning and execution of strategy. Thus many responsibilities for day-to-day operational management of Draft FCB Australian Agency are assumed by this Integration Committee. Despite the fact that country operations are carried out on an individual unit... FCB Australia Agency Draft way back in 1978 was engaged in direct marketing as an agency and was then known as Kobs & Brady. In the year 1986 it was sold to Ted Bates Worldwide and Howard Draft who was an accounts executive in the company then was passed along to the new management. In 1988 Draft became its Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chairman. As a result the Agency was named Kobs & Draft. Again in 1995 the ownership of the Agency was reverted to Draft and was called Draft Direct Worldwide. In 1996, the Interpublic Group of Companies acquired Draft Direct Worldwide. With the merger of the two companies in 2006, Draft FCB became the biggest advertising agency in Chicago. As at present the Agency in Chicago has approximately 11,000 employees and the world-wide offices including the Draft FCB Australia are headed by Howard Draft, as the Executive Chairman, Laurence Boschetto, as the CEO and president, Jonathan Harries, as the Vice Chairman and Global Chief Creative Officer and Neil Miller, CFO. Draft FCB Australia Agency has acquired a unique distinction of being one of the leading advert agencies in the whole country. This unique positron is attributed to its remarkable accounts growth with best of clients. Draft FCB Australia has been successfully orienting itself to meeting not only the challenges posed by its competitors, both small and big, but also been able to achieve an ever expanding growth trajectory in keeping with its global strategy of being creating value through-the-line.

Poor Kids Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Poor Kids - Movie Review Example She said that her family does not get three meals a day such as breakfast, lunch or dinner. The supposed unorthodox social condition, that is, meals are usually becoming an option or an opportunity instead of a necessity becomes common among poor kids. Who must be held accountable? Also, there is more to poverty that simply hunger, thirst, or deficiencies, things such as discrimination and bullying are another common pair of issues attached to living below the poverty line. Who is to blame? Surely, the responsibility should be taken firstly by the parents. Parents do have the control over the existing poverty among kids. As they choose to become parents, it should be made a significant facet to consider their financial stability, job, etc. Aid should not only come from government spending as they are insufficient and limited. If I quote Margaret Thatcher, â€Å"There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first† (Keay, 1987). These poor kids are not supposed to experience poverty and hunger; they should be in school, healthy, and well-provided with everything they need, and that responsibility starts from the parents not from the

The four kinds of market-product strategies Essay

The four kinds of market-product strategies - Essay Example The four kinds of market-product strategies that organizations may follow depending upon the availability of their resources and requirements are: Same Market New Product (Product Development) In this strategy, an organization introduces the same product in the market that he is currently catering to. It is a type of product development that an organization does to retain and increase its potential customers by providing solutions that based on the identified requirement of customers. Same Product New Market (Market development) In this strategy, an organization takes the same product that it is currently dealing in to new markets, to turn its prospective customers into its routine and regular customers by identifying a need in that segment. It has much more to do with the identification of the right market segment and then offer them with the products from an organization’s portfolio. Same Market Same Product (Penetration Strategy) If an organization wants to cater the same market with the same product then it must have to follow the penetration strategy. It means organization will have to take the steps to increase its market share in the existing market and to follow strategies that will help organization to beat the competition. The most widely accepting activity that organizations do is to reduce the prices. The reduced prices will take the market share away from its competitors.

Integrated Seminar in Hospitality and Tourism Management Case Study

Integrated Seminar in Hospitality and Tourism Management - Case Study Example Riley (2012) states that the economic balance between exports and imports has been achieved gradually in the year 2000 due to increase in exports to the U.S.A, Europe, Africa and Asia. India’s contribution to world exports has risen from 0.6% in 1993 to 1.5% in 2010, symbolising 150% increase. In addition, India has balanced its trading in Asia, especially China. India’s major advantage is notably its large population and demographics. According to IMF population statistics, the number of working citizens from the age of 15-64 years has been increasing over the years due to rapid population increase. However, the fertility rate has decreased; therefore, leading to the workforce, increasing as the amount of dependants increase. If the low fertility rates persist, India will face an increased ageing population and the dependency ratio will rise. However, the demographic advantages will increase and continue until 2050 (Riley, 2012). The Indian government will continue to be cooperative to foreign investors since they are the main contributing factors for the economy. The government’s policies have created a business environment attractive to foreign investors. The government has taken initiatives in sectors such as telecom, securities exchange, defence, and oil refineries in a bid to encourage foreign investments. 2) Do the deeper pockets (cash and other resources) of international hotel chains give them a competitive advantage over domestic chains? If the advantage exists, is the advantage of deep pockets a sustainable advantage? Starwood Hotel and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. has an added advantage over the local chains due to its capital and infrastructure. Over the years, the distress in India’s hospitality industry has crippled local hotel chains with debts. As a result, Starwood capitalised on this to save on costs by simply branding already existing hotel properties throughout the

The four kinds of market-product strategies Essay

The four kinds of market-product strategies - Essay Example The four kinds of market-product strategies that organizations may follow depending upon the availability of their resources and requirements are: Same Market New Product (Product Development) In this strategy, an organization introduces the same product in the market that he is currently catering to. It is a type of product development that an organization does to retain and increase its potential customers by providing solutions that based on the identified requirement of customers. Same Product New Market (Market development) In this strategy, an organization takes the same product that it is currently dealing in to new markets, to turn its prospective customers into its routine and regular customers by identifying a need in that segment. It has much more to do with the identification of the right market segment and then offer them with the products from an organization’s portfolio. Same Market Same Product (Penetration Strategy) If an organization wants to cater the same market with the same product then it must have to follow the penetration strategy. It means organization will have to take the steps to increase its market share in the existing market and to follow strategies that will help organization to beat the competition. The most widely accepting activity that organizations do is to reduce the prices. The reduced prices will take the market share away from its competitors.

Politics of Health in America Essay Example for Free

Politics of Health in America Essay The healthcare system in America is one of the hot button issues in this and every election because things are only getting worse, while not coming close to getting better. Rising healthcare costs are bringing brought on by huge hospitals that can charge as much as they want for service. Compounding the problem is the fact that many Americans cannot afford healthcare insurance in order to foot the bill for their expensive care. As the Michael Moore film, Sicko, indicates, the healthcare crisis in America is far reaching and there does not seem to be a solution on the horizon. With more and more people missing out on insurance because of basic primal greed from hospitals and insurance companies, there exists a huge problem that is sure to hinder the development of American society. Facing the biggest problems in light of this healthcare crisis are women, who need a more advanced form of care than their male counterparts. Without access to healthcare insurance, millions of women are not able to acquire the medical care that is essential to their overall health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American healthcare system is one that is designed to rely primarily on health insurance. Without health insurance, a majority of both basic and advanced medical procedures would not be possible for any people. The primary problem with the system is that now, health insurance companies are not doing their job anymore. Instead of being an affordable option for common people who seek to protect themselves against medical emergency, these companies are now in the business of gouging patients and withholding insurance to those that are less fortunate. The American model is not the prevailing system that is used elsewhere in the world. In places like Canada and in most of Europe, nationalized healthcare is the order of the day. Those governments do not mess around with insurance companies and they make sure that healthcare is readily available to anyone that needs it. This is an expensive, but effective way to make sure that each person is cared for. Women are specifically targeted for care under European models. In England, the national healthcare system has seen some problems, but for the most part, the nationalized nature of the system makes sure that just about anyone that needs treatment can get that treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue at the heart of the healthcare debate is over the uninsured folks that have a hard time securing healthcare. In the United States, that number is steadily growing with each passing year. This is something that Michael Moore is quick to point out in his film and it is an essential part of the argument for a national healthcare system. According to a July article from the Associated Press, â€Å"Just this past week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated there are about 43.6 million uninsured people in the country† (AP). Though that number does not represent a majority of the population, it is a significant portion of a civilized country that would have absolutely no way of getting healthcare in case of a medical emergency. Should cancer strike any of that contingent of Americans, they would have no way of coming up with the thousands of dollars for treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important healthcare consideration that is taken into account in Michael Moore’s film is the disparity between the rich and the poor. This is what is really at the heart of the matter. Those with money can afford to purchase the insurance that will protect them, while those without money cannot afford insurance. Making it even worse is the fact that the jobs that give the benefit of included healthcare insurance are the jobs that actually pay people enough to afford insurance. Presidential candidate Barack Obama has taken a stance on the issue and he has clearly defined the need for more healthcare for the poor in the United States. A January Washington Post article sheds light on Obama’s opinion on the matter. In that article, Nedra Pickler writes, â€Å"He (Obama) said its wrong that 46 million in this country are uninsured when the country spends more than any one else on health care. He said Americans pay $15 billion in taxes to help care for the uninsured† (Pickler). Obama has put a specific focus on the medical plight of poor women, who are often the biggest victims in the entire ordeal. Without a national healthcare system, the rising cost of women’s care in America makes it impossible for a large chunk of the country’s ladies to keep up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For those that do not have a huge amount of understanding on women’s care and how involved it is, the situation is a difficult one to understand. While men can get away with not going to the doctor for a period of months or years, women have to have check-ups in order to stay healthy enough to have children. This must be a huge focus for American society, especially as fertility rates keep falling for women in the country. Doctors are becoming much more specialized in this day and age, so their services are costing more. Gynecologists are no different, so insurance companies are being asked to pay more for that service. Even more important than the standard checkup is the entire situation of pregnancy. Women need to see a doctor every two to three weeks during pregnancy to make sure that everything is alright in their body and for their baby. This need comes in addition to the standard medical procedures that women must undertake to make sure that they stay in good condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women are among the most neglected when it comes to insurance in the United States. This correlation between gender and income is an important statistic to consider when forming opinions about the plight of the national healthcare system. Though the current system was certainly not written in a way that it would intentionally preclude women, the reality of the situation has almost made it look that way. Median income levels are lower for women in American than they are for men. It is much more difficult for women, be they white, black, Hispanic or any other race, to get a high paying job or one that offers full healthcare benefits. Though insurance companies might be precluding women from involvement, pregnancy has not been nearly as kind. There is no discrimination when it comes to that, as a poor woman is just as likely to get pregnant as a rich woman. Still, adequate care must be provided through the process of pregnancy and such care cannot be provided without the proper healthcare protection. The Christiane Northup book, Women’s Body, Women’s Wisdom, breaks down pregnancy in the following terms. â€Å"Pregnancy is a miraculous process and should be a time when a woman makes every effort to tune in to her body and baby with the support of her surroundings. For centuries, midwives helped mothers through the pregnancy and birthing processes, standing by them with medical and emotional aid† (Northup). This quotation clearly shows the need for assistance in a number of different areas for women during pregnancy. It is something that cannot be ignored for many women, as they seek to have the best pregnancy possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another thing to consider in all of this is the plight of single mothers in America. Recent sociological trends are indicating that more and more women are having children out of wedlock. Without a man present to help foot the bill for pregnancy costs, women without healthcare have an even more difficult time coming up with the money to pay for their own care. This is a trend that does not seem to be going anywhere anytime soon, so it is imperative that the overriding problems get fixed before things get worse. Moore attacks this in Sicko, as he feels that single mothers are some of the biggest victims of the current healthcare system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Moore, single mothers are not the only victims in this situation. Though the politically correct notion is not to speak about race in regards to healthcare, the reality of the situation is that minority women are being left out at an alarming rate. An Amanda Gardner report in HealthDay speaks to the overall lackluster support that women have from the current healthcare system. Gardner writes, â€Å"No state met the goal for access to health insurance. Nationwide, 18 percent of women aged 18 to 64 were uninsured. In 2007, five states decreased Medicaid eligibility levels for working parents, making it more difficult for low-income people to get insurance† (Gardner). This trend has had a profound impact on minority mothers, who statistics show are working hard to provide for their children and also take care of themselves medically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his movie Sicko, Michael Moore does not shy away from the topic of women and how they are affected by the current healthcare system. In fact, Moore makes it a point to break down how they are often the most mistreated of any of the demographic areas. A Kyle Smith article in the New York Post makes a large effort to disparage the work of Michael Moore, but it does lend light on one example from Moore’s film where the focus is clearly placed upon mistreated women. In the article, Kyle Smith writes, â€Å"Perhaps the most absurd example is that of the woman who says that after she received benefits, the check was stopped because she had previously suffered an undisclosed yeast infection† (Smith). If the story from the woman in the film is true, then the problems within the system are so apparent and so flawed that securing healthcare is almost a hopeless venture for many women within the United States. Moore has harsh criticism for the current system in its exploitation of women financially. Because the current system is one that rewards doctors and insurance companies on the amount of work they can do, it directly impacts women. As mentioned previously, women have a greater reason to head to the doctor for a plethora of events. Under the current system, women are even discouraged from heading to the doctor in order to get the care that they so desperately need. Instead of going to the doctor to get care for themselves and their unborn children, women are being asked to limit their visits in an effort to save money. This is unfair and unsafe, according to Moore. His proposed implementation of a national healthcare system would take care of this issue, as it would shift the burden to all of the taxpayers and would insure that distribution of healthcare is on a need basis. That means that women would not feel pressured and they could head to the doctor’s office freely and without worry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Michael Moore is not shy about offering up solutions for a better system. In his film, he specifically refers to the national healthcare systems used by much of Europe and Canada. He proposes that if America were to go to a taxpayer funded national healthcare system, like the one proposed by Obama, things would get much easier for women specifically. They would not only have unlimited care at their immediate disposal, but women would also have top notch care that is necessary. With fertility levels dropping and that causing problems to other national systems like Social Security, it is essential that the federal government takes action to help women protect themselves and their ability to have children. According to Moore, a federal system in which socialized medicine is offered will be the best scenario for women in the United States.   Works Cited Smith, Kyle. 19 June 2007. New York Post. Botched Operation: Crazy Moore Offers Wrong Prescription. http://www.nypost.com/seven/06192007/entertainment/movies/botched_operation_movies_kyle_smith.htm?page=0 Gardner, Amanda. 17 October 2007. HealthDay. U.S. Women’s Health Care Still Falls Short: Report. http://www.healthday.com/Article.asp?AID=609217 Associated Press. 2 July 2007. Little Defense for U.S. Health Care of ‘Sicko’. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19552132/ Nedra, Pickler. The Associated Press. 25 January 2007. Obama Calls for Universal Health Care. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/01/25/AR2007012500764.html

Financial Derivatives in Theory and Practice in China

Financial Derivatives in Theory and Practice in China CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Financial derivatives is often an efficient policy of the risk management which is been used in modern economy worldwide. The financial derivatives grow on huge scale and very significant into a well accepted definitions, measurement and the revelation of the conventional financial accounting essentials. The financial derivatives has many advantages and it is been used worldwide. Though, some risks occur in the use of financial derivatives. The management of the financial derivatives become more essential in the modern economy. With the rapid growth of the modern economy, more financial risk exists during the development process which involves the frequent use of financial derivatives, the use of the derivatives assist against a potential risks and use of financial derivatives also reveals to the user a huge risk. Financial derivatives are also important through the progress of financial derivatives. Globally, the world economy is fast growing which is leading to so many difficulties in the financial derivatives worldwide which are creating more problems for financial derivatives. However this problem requires the introduction of regulatory body such as government to take over in order to supervise the financial derivatives. The supervision of financial derivatives plays a vital role in modern economy while lack of regulation in financial derivation will lead the financial market into disorder, chaos and confusion. This might destroy the entires nations economy. Financial derivatives without regulation will attract a big potential economic risk. For the financial market globally, such economic crisis affects the economy worldwide. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY China has a huge economy which is growing rapidly. There various types of financial derivatives in china, which are widely used in the financial market. This research will analyze the financial derivative in Chinas financial market and also discuss the classic supervision (regulations) and the analysis of the performance of the supervision procedure. China financial market, its advantage and the risks that exist in the classic financial derivative in China will also be reviewed. This research will reveal major classic in the various types of financial derivatives in china and verify the uses of all the financial derivatives in order to demonstrate its performance of those financial derivatives. The supervision of financial derivatives will also lead to reviewing the Chinas financial environs. The major purpose of this research is to establish the usage of financial derivatives against the financial derivatives. The findings of the research from both the financial derivatives and role of supervision in China will provide an overall insight in the China financial market and also conclude by making some recommendation on the usage of financial derivation and the status of the supervision of financial derivatives in China. 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH This research reviews the overall literature on financial derivative in the past with a focus on the impact of the financial derivative, the benefits of the practise of financial derivative and the potential risk of the use of financial derivative. The supervision of the financial derivative analysis will be reviewed with the use of Journals and report. Subsequently, this research work will focus on the case study for the research methodology; the case study is the Chinas financial market. This research model information is gathered from both Chinas financial market and the supervision of the financial derivatives in China. Information is however collated in china using the position of a standard financial derivative in China. Using the position of a standard financial derivative in China, the analysis of financial market in China is reviewed with some journals and reports which was use as the data in support of the research and the most vital data is collected by the Chinese national statistics. The research will use both the qualitative and quantitative analysis method, this used to analyse the research data. From the research of classic financial derivative that is practise in China and the supervision of financial derivatives in China. This research will adapt the SLEPT method (Social factor, Legal factor, Economic factor, Political factor and Technological factor) to review the entire china financial markets while the SWOT (Strengthen, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats) method will be used in reviewing the financial derivative in the direction of the Chinas financial market, the functions of the supervision of the financial derivatives in China will also be reviewed. Finally, there will be a brief conclusions and provide some recommendations on both China financial for market and supervision of the financial derivatives. The limitations of the study will be highlighted and references for further reading will also be listed at the end of this research. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVE The financial derivatives have a direct influence on the organization. A financial derivative is a good policy of risk management. Froot et al (1993) observed that the peak level of investment and capital spending are selected at the same time. They recommend that financial cost risk management should have a particular dominant goal, this enable the company to have access to cash to make a price improving investments. The risk management model rely on the fundamental premises that the essentials of establishing corporate value is creating good investment and the essentials to creating good investment is generating adequate cash within, in order to use it to find those investments. Nance et al (1993) and Mian (1994) discover a statistically important clear relationship between the tax credits and the practise of risk management instruments. Dolde (1995) reported a clear and an important relation between tax loss carry forwards and the practise of risk management instrument which include hedging. Dixon Bhandari (1997) found that calls for supervision through a rise in legislation are not generally accepted. Although the supervisory body main focus is that the stability of inter market could be strictly undermined without greater supervision. Guay (1999) studies financial derivative responsibilities in organizations by initiating derivatives practises. The outcomes were consistent with organization practising derivatives to hedge and not to expand, entity risk. Organization risk is measured in different ways which reduces following the use of derivatives. The study observes a decrease in risks and decisions to introduce derivatives programs vary from hedging. The outcome highlights the significance of hedge accounting laws that incorporate the influence of derivatives and hedged items at the same time. Fender (2000) discovers some basics of corporate finance of monetary economics examine the influence of corporate risk management policies on the monetary transmission system. They employed an easy model of a financial speed up to sort the information asymmetries, they are the core of the entire models of the transmission system, it establish motivation for corporate hedging activities, that is cash flow administration, they realise that these principles, in turn, reduce the influence of monetary policy degree which is lower to the clear cost of capital effect. Billing (2002), describe the reasons behind the protection and enlightened on how auditors should review the different problems raised from the utilisation of financial instrument. Heilliar et al (2004), access the influence of financial reporting standard 13: Derivatives and different financial instruments, implementations and disclosures which focus is on the treasury department responsibilities. The researchers deliberately conduct interviews with the workers of the UK treasury department in order to review their behaviours towards and observed the impact of FRS 13. At large, the treasurer reply at an advantage to the standard and carefully reviewed the narrative disclosure to be specifically useful. The numerical disclosures were comprehensive and focused. The rapid growth in the financial derivatives also has an influence on Chinas financial market. Ba Shusong (2004) believes that financial derivatives have played a vital role in the growth of Chinas market. Subsequently, El-Masry (2006) stated that big firms often used derivatives than average or smaller firms, public companies often use derivatives than the private companies. The use of derivatives is ultimate in the midst of international firms. The findings reveals that most firms that do not use derivative instrument is attributed to the fact their experiences are not important and the major reasons they avoid derivatives are, they focus on the experiences requires by FASB rules under derivatives activity, fees of creating and sustaining derivatives activities go beyond the expected profit, foreign exchange risk is often managed with derivatives and interest rate risk is often managed with derivatives and interest rate risk is risk that is subsequently managed risk and the study reveals that the main reason for the use of hedging with derivatives is supervising the volatili ty in liquidity. Bartram (2006) explores the incentive and use of non financial firms with respect to using options in managing risk activities. The study realize that an important number of 15 – 55% of the companies not within the financial sector practise the options which shows the fact that options are very flexible risk management instrument which can be useful to hedge different types of exposures both linear and non-linear, it also discover that it rely on the correlation between price and quantity risk, the optimal hedge portfolio involve different combination of both linear and non linear risk management instruments. The accounting ways and the effects of liquidity can influence the selection of derivatives. Eckstein et al (2008) study the impact of organization using derivatives which applies Statement of Financial Account Standards (SFAS) no 133; it shows the degree of cumulative effects of differences in accounting formulas from the annual income statement adopted, market response to earnings pronounced and the major effect of financial ratio. The outcome reveals that the important negative unpredicted returns were noticed around earnings pronouncement dates. Abnormal earnings correlate with the cumulative effect instead of the differences in earnings per share from operations which reveals that surprises connected to changes in accounting, it is also established that companies with resources unrealized profit and losses are connected to hedging with derivative instrument. 2.2 THE MERITS OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES There are several advantages of financial derivatives from 1990s McAllister and Mansfield (1998) studies the responsibilities and ability of financial derivatives investment property portfolio management and also focus on the difficulties of direct investment in commercial property. They also analyse and the major principles and all different types of derivatives, they rounded it up that the possibilities of financial derivatives to mitigate most of this difficulties which is connected with direct property investment that is studied. They also decided on Property Index Certificates (PIC) has been narrow down with shareholders and ought to produce rise in interest rate and the use of derivatives product within the assets both in the UK and global institutional shareholders. Tyler and Stanley (2002), Counter Sheedys call for further readings through the practical examination of the equity derivatives market in US and UK, quarrelling that while link in this market do, to a certain degree, showing features a typical of broader and indeed inherent, to over-the-counter derivative exchange. After that, Zivney et al (2006) discovers the possibilities of using dividend plans by individual shareholders. This plan was raised from the 2003 tax law changes which reduce tax rates on dividends received while abandoning the short term tax rate on capital losses unaffected. Freeman et al 2006, realize that the credit derivatives market is control by big banks and insurance firms who does business within themselves. The growth of credit derivatives market develops into more liquid and transparent. Freeman emphasize that thee a various easy and practical ways in which organisation can use credit derivatives to manage risk to show the empirical strengths and weakness of a particular approach. Klimczak (2008) produce a detailed assessment of the main contemporary firms hedging theories. The study focus on a sample of 150 companies listed on the Warsaw stock exchange which shows features shared by companies using hedge. 2.3 RISKS ATTACHED TO FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES From the above, the literature review shows various advantages of financial derivatives on the risk management of finance. However, some risk occurs in the operation of financial derivatives. Financial derivatives have been faced with so many criticisms this mostly is due to large loose because of leverage and borrowing. Laker (2008) examines that as the derivatives permit shareholders to earn huge returns from small movement in the basic assets price. Though shareholder might lose more money if the basic asset price moves against them drastically and the financial derivatives might expose shareholders to counter party risk and all types of financial derivatives have different risks at different level to this effect. Also financial derivatives will stand as an unsuitable large amount of risk for little and mostly for shareholders who lack experience as financial derivatives offers chances of huge rewards and so many attractions even to individual shareholders. However, speculation under derivatives most presumes a great deal of risk consisting commensurate experience and good market idea which favours a small shareholders, this is the purpose why some financial advisers are opposing the use of these instruments. Derivatives are complicated instrument as forms of insurance in transferring risk among a ll parties involve which presume an additional risk. Laker further identified that financial derivatives often have a huge estimated value, as a result of that there is a high level of risk and shareholders might lose much without been compensated. As stated by Berhire Hathaway inc. (2002) on the annual report, that there is a possibility that this could result in a chain reaction and subsequently in an economic crisis. Also Rawles (2006), financial derivatives enormously leverage within the economy, which makes it more complex for the basic real economy to facilitate its debt requirement and restricting the real economic functions which often lead to economic recession. 2.4 THE SUPERVISION OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES ANALYSIS The supervision of the financial derivatives should be acknowledged as both the advantage and risk are present in financial derivatives. Though, there few journals which analyse the supervision of financial derivatives, in the late 1990s, Shah (1996), identified that in the rise of huge losses from derivatives dealers and end users in modern years, many issues are being highlighted as regards the regulatory structure that is necessary to supervise and control the use of derivatives, it disagree that the principle in which the issue can be resolved by strict internal policies whereas regulators assume it is necessary for more precise oversight is misplaced though it still can be use for hedging, Derivatives involves high risk technology which often pose problems for regulations and its functions. Recently, Kern (2001), identified that the global regulation of financial markets became obvious in the 1970s with regards to post Bretton Woods liberalisation of financial markets. The removal of the fixed exchange rate equal the outcome of gold in the privatisation of finance risk, which established tension to eliminate the functions of cross border capital movements and more deregulation of the financial market. However, there is need for general regulatory body to build safe and reliable financial institutions such as bank through an efficient management as systemic risk in general market. Also it is necessary for international standards of supervision to also be acknowledged to avoid solvent in the financial institutions in one jurisdiction from the business to collapse to a less reputable institutions functioning in other jurisdictions whose rules only allowed cut rate financial services and more risky financial functions. The privatization of financial risk leads to establishm ent of financial institutions to blow out their risks over to many resources and functions which lead to an important rise in short term cross border portfolio asset which could reveal capital importing nation to increase system risk which was cause by volatility of such investments. Gilnen Tabak (2007) establish a new substitute for gathering information on risks that exists in financial institutions which assist in analysing the risk tools which are found in risk management. This method assists risk managers, supervisors in analysing the potential risk in financial institutions because of derivatives position. The main idea is the linear financial instrument which is also refer to the traditional method often used by management risk system it assist in decreasing roles in risk factors and defend the responsibilities of financial derivatives while the non-linear instrument have roles with different options which are represented as clear as European options. The study shows the propose method captured the risk occurrence in policies that consists of options with an accepted error margin. CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 CASE STUDY The case study of this research will be the Chinas financial market; this research analysis will focus on the Chinas financial market, together with growth of the socialist market of the real economic structure. Chinas financial market is growing with the ongoing exploration. Currently, Chinas financial Market is essentially established as a pure division of the financial system. Chinas financial Market has started forming and many financial commercial have been developed, this includes Bonds, Stock and commercial bills. The capital loan and a bargain securities markets were established steadily after 1985. During the 1988, treasury bonds were established in the transfer market in major and average cities in china. In 1990 shanghai stock exchange was created and 1991 Shenzhen stock exchange was also created. Both stock exchange in 1999, release 98 A shares and 117 subsidiary shares, increasing 87.7 billion Yuan, which increase the total number of companies listed to 976; the aggregat e increase in foreign capital is about US$610Million with the use of issuing B and H shares. China releases 1.5Billion Yuan of A shares which can be transferred into bonds. In 1994, 94.1 billion Yuan was realised from issuing and selling stocks. The level of the transaction in the stock exchange by 1999 surpass 5,000 billion Yuan and it was summed up to about 401.5billion Yuan which was the value of government bonds issued and 191.1 billion Yuan was government bonds value in cash. This fund has successfully improved the financial status of the listed companies and a rise in the sources of money for technological transformation of the public banks and financial markets. In the recent years, the financial market in China has been undergoing a rapid growth, Neftci and Yuan, Michelle (2006), stated that China financial markets shows about $2 trillion and are anticipating the market to grow to about $10trillion by 2008, the china financial market continues to expand its investment with a view to ensure that their operations are successful. 3.2 RESEARCH AND DATA COLLECTION They are different types of financial derivatives found in Chinas financial market which are vital for the growth of Chinas financial market. The use of the financial derivatives has led to many financial difficulties in the rapid growth of the financial system, there is need for regulators to be more effective and implement more laws on the supervision of the financial derivatives. This will help to determine and regulate the stability of both the China financial market and the supervision of financial derivatives in china. Classic materials similar to the financial market and financial derivatives in China will be use as a guide. Other source of materials will be from the internet, textbooks and journals. This research work is structure to determine the supervision of the financial derivatives in China. The China financial market is chosen as a case for the analysis. The source of the main data is from China, National Statistics of China; and few of the firms annual report will be used for the data analysis. This research work will focus on the nature of the Chinas financial market and the outcome of the financial derivatives in China and the supervision structure of the financial derivatives in China. The SLEPT (refer to Social factor, Legal factor, Economic factor, Political factor, Technological factor) method will be used to examine the general system of the China financial market, it will focus on the classic findings of financial derivatives and also on China financial system in order to examine the nature of the financial market in China. From the results, the research will be based on the nature of the financial derivatives in China to examine the impact, introduction, growth, transactions and practise of the financial derivatives on the Chinas financial market. This research will also examine the supervision of financial derivatives in Chinas financial market in agreement with related articles and also to make some recommendation on the supervision of the financial derivatives in China. 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS The qualitative and quantitative method is both used to analyze the data. Under the qualitative analysis method, the materials such as journals and all information gathered from the internet are related to Chinas financial market and the supervision of financial derivatives, the report of the classic financial organisation will all be gathered as part of the qualitative assistance to the analysis. Some major dialogue by the classic economist in China will also be the main issues for the qualitative analysis; this is due to lack of interviews by government officials and financial managers of most firms. Generally, the secondary materials used will be part of the quantitative analysis, which will certainly show the problem of this research. The quantitative method, this method of analysis is the data and information gathered from different firms. The most significant data is gathered from the China National Statistics. Other information and data are gathered from various reports from different firms. It is difficult to make a questionnaire with this research because the research problem is comprehensive. The major source of information and data are gathered from the internet and few reports from the government is the main structure for the quantitative analysis. The major limitations are the quantitative method in this research is the lack of an individuals observations and analysis on financial markets and the supervision of the financial derivatives. CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 4.1 CLASSICAL FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES USED IN CHINA China has commissioned a model in financial future exchange in 1990s. Ba Shusong (2006), stated that the core financial derivatives are the foreign exchange futures, stock index futures, warrants, convertible bonds and national debt future. Few of the do not function any more, although model is not so successful, it was importance for a lot of valuable experiences. However, with the growth in China financial market, the financial derivatives perform well and will return to China financial market and a fresh product which correspond to the requirements of the growth of economy; this will be additional expansion and will certainly play a vital role in the Chinas financial market. Foreign Exchange futures; Gregory (1995) stated that inside the foreign exchange market, each price in a market is a relative price, which shows an equal rate. In the late 1980s and from the beginning of 1990s, China was completely accommodating for financial derivatives and control method of suitable opened. From 1984, the local enterprises and companies can trade the offshore foreign exchange futures via the stock broking company. This will assist in requirement for hedging of local banks corporations and swap the foreign exchange role. The first ever foreign exchange swap of China exchange market was commissioned June 1992 in shanghai. The transaction in the foreign exchange futures in local have been displayed and developed from time to time. Later on, the Shenzhen foreign exchange centre was due for approval of foreign exchange futures transactions. (Ma Qingquan 2003). Ma Qingquan (2003), later on access the inner and external foreign exchange future and realize that they all have some difficulties which enable the government of Chinese to take a bold step to resolve and restructure the foreign exchange market. From 1993 to 1995, during this era, the Chinese government has continuously ordered the closure of unlawful foreign exchange futures brokerage firms. All the local foreign exchange in China did not operate extensively due to absence of regulators which lead to failure of the implementation. National debt futures; the national debt future is another method of interest rate futures; it is after the most growth of financial futures in China. The national debt future was originally found December 1992 in china. The shanghai stock exchange commission was the first contact of national debt future. In the year 1993, the transaction scope of the general debt futures had been worn out mainly, the individuals and brokers was given access to the market. The Beijing commodity exchange also welcomes the transaction of national debt futures. However, the national debt future was unripe for development; this follows the 314 contract irregularities storm in Shanghai stock exchange in Sept 1994 and 327 contract irregularities storm in February 1995 also emerge. May 1995, concluded the transaction of national debt future which finally collapse. Convertible Bonds; Convertible bonds are part of growing process of the growth of Chinas Stock market. Basically convertible bonds have a slight resemblance with stock options. (A stock option is also known as executive stock options). Little (2008) refer to a convertible bond is a kind of bond that can be switch into shares, bonds in an issuing firm. Mostly a few pre-announced proportion which is hybrid safety with same debt and equity characteristics. Ba Shusong (2006), the convertible bonds have experienced and discovered in over a decade since its first implementation in China, they have been known with many groups and they continue to progress and grow since the growth of the recent social economy of China. The convertible bonds are financial derivatives which agree with state of the growth of China economy. It will grow more and further along with the growth of the Chinas financial market. Warrant, this is a type of derivative protection that gives the owner the ability to buy security direct from the issuer at a given price within a specific period. Warrant are mostly part in a fresh issue which is refer to sweetener this is just to attract the shareholder. Between 1992 to 1996, China has commissioned a lot of warrants, which include sock warrant La Dai Fei, others are Ba oan 93 and Fuzhou East in Shanghai stock market while others warrant was also commissioned in Shenzhen stock market. This include Gui Liugong, Xia Haifa, Min minding, Xiang Zhongyi. However, because of the uncontrolled speculation of warrants, there are important speculations in the drop prices of warrants. The operations of the warrants were dismissed by the national regulatory body in June 1996. The reason for the dismissed is due to absence of regulators of the financial derivative. Hence, it is observed that the supervision and regulation on all types of Financial derivative is very important tha n the operation of the financial derivative. As soon as financial derivatives is in operation there is need for government to present a supervision in order to regulate the operations and function of financial derivatives therefore the financial derivatives will grow with health except if it will be dismissed at the closing stages due to the disorder of the financial market. In conjunction with the reform of the part construct of warrants, the issue of the warrants were present in the outline again. This is due to bearish and bullish choices with the features of the warrants. It has been an efficient way in the movement for safety of the interests of investors and simultaneously, it leads to rise in flexible payment of the price of the movement of non-investors. According to Xu Peng (2007) since 2007, 27 warrants have been registered in shanghai and Shenzhen stock market. Stock Index Futures; In March 1993, stock index futures surfaced in Chinas Hainan securities and exchange center, which showed as Shenzhen composite index and Shenzhen A share index. This is in line with the global practise, such as creation of deposit system. Unfortunately, stock market was not huge enough; the trading activities stopped functioning in the same 1993 due to speculation inside the market. Ba shusong (2006) further stated that 14years after, (April 2007), After the official commissioning of the Future Exchange Management Regulations, the stock index futures has reverted given that it has been compelled to shut down 14years earlier. This revert will certainly become an important discussion for everyone and local institutions. 4.2 STANDARD SUPERVISION OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES USED IN CHINA The standard supervision of financial derivatives in China can be categorise into 3, namely, the Risk management, this is the major body of the supervision of financial derivatives, the core regulator of the financial market which is a vital way to regulate the financial derivatives and the creation of rules for financial derivatives which is protection for the supervision of the financial derivatives. 4.2.1 RISK MANAGEMENT This involve the risk management of the market, the risk management of credit, risk management of liquidity, risk management of operation and legal risk management. Risk management of market; this is refer to as the loss in the rise and fall of interest rates, exchange rate and stock prices. Market risk management shows the status of a bank in a market in order to grow the number of frequency and times of the market estimation. Lu wendao (2007), refer this technique of market risk appraisal used in China financial market is to compute the potential of changes in the market price, the exposure of risk and to grow contingency policies in order to enable the right of assessment and to accept the changes in the market. Risk management of credit; The risk management of credit failure is to implement derivatives agreements or breach of contract of financial derivatives credit risk which means when the financial institutions such as banks decide to emulate a transaction which is in agreement with certain regulations. It is recommended that bank should focus more on risk diversification rather than avoiding more concentration of transactions. The risk management of liquidity; Xu and Peng (2007), management of liquidity risk is t