Essay On Science Example For Students

Essay On Science Definition of Religion:Religion is norms,values, or a way of life to an individual or community. Aspiritual guide that governs the way a person lives from day to day by givingthat person hope, belief, and reason to exist in this world. Religion can bewhatever that person makes of it.Religion can be a persons assets,family, or other individuals or possessions, it can be many things besidesworship to a God or Deity. It can be whatever a person deems holy orsacred. Defense:Religion is norms, values, or a way of life to an individual or community. This can be defended by taking a look at they way most religious people live. Another discipline, social science, studies areas, which concern people. For example, these are history, sociology, psychology, jurisprudence, political science and many others. It goes without saying, that with the development of science, the world has achieved a lot of inventions, which has become an indispensable part of life at different times. Researches and scientists are always working hard to make life easier and improve it. What is more, a lot of processes, which defied explanation, are now understandable.   However, along with its benefits, science carries some negative aspects. It’s our blessing and curse at the same time. Many authorities have forgotten that science should be used for the sake of humanity and not as one of the means to destroy it. Science essay sample 2 (300 words) The use of science is of vital importance almost in all spheres of life. It examines and defines every process in the world. We come across science in everyday life: washing machines, cell phones, automobiles, hair dryers and so on. Use of Science Science has become a part of everyone’s life nowadays. One can hardly imagine their lives without inventions which are the result of scientific advancement. To begin with, all the kitchen appliances used for cooking are the benefits of scientific progress. Ones which ease our lives to a great extent are microwave, oven, mixer. We may see the changes not only in cooking food but also in growing it. Scientists have found the way to grow fruit and vegetables faster and regardless of weather conditions. It means that now, we stand a chance to eat fruit or vegetables, not only in its usual growing season but all around the year. What is more, it is due to science we are able now to treat and cure illnesses people have not been able to for a long time. The medical equipment improves every year allowing examining of every cell of the human body. Science along with technologies move medical treatment to a new level. The next important thing is socialization and communicating. Cellphones and computers have become an indispensable part of people’s lives. No one could have ever believed that calling or â€Å"skyping† would be possible and make it so fast to get in touch with a person. Health and Nutrition EssayThe discrepancy between the two concepts How was the world created? The scientists claim that the universe and the whole world was created more than 13 billion years ago. And our planet, what is more, is considered to be at the age of more than 4 billion years now. The religion of Christianity, on the contrary, states that God needed six days to create the world, which happened between 4004 and 8000 BCE. Is our planet the Universe Centre? This discrepancy is probably one of the most known. According to theory brought up by Catholic Church our planet functions as a center of the universe. In other words, all the other celestial bodies turn around the Earth. The discrepancy was caused by a discovery made by the famous Italian scientist and astronomer Galileo Galilei. His theory was based on the knowledge that it was the Sun in the center and other objects moved around it. Eclipse The first argument against eclipse came up in one of the Asian countries. The church explained lunar eclipse as a disagreement between the Mightiest. Gods threatened to deprive kings of their power. However, later on, with the help of science, experts managed to explain such a phenomenon, which caused a conflict. Did living creatures evolve? Another conflict between Religion and Science lies deep within the matter of evolution. According to the Bible, all the living creatures were created in 6 days. Many scientists proved another version, which states that flora and fauna have come through evolution. The conflicts mentioned above are not all of the discrepancies between religious communities and scientists. Religion has such an influence on people, which although science has all the proofs and answers to these questions, faith and belief are much more powerful. Besides religious, there are many other social communities, which treat science quite unclear.   To them, science, despite all the benefits it gives, is a reason for different, unexpected issues concerning our health, politics, commercial and industrial life. What is more, science opened the door for dangerous atomic weapon aimed at the destruction of people. Also, while factories and other capacities make use of all those scientific inventions, we suffer from environmental pollution and other negative effects it can get at us. So, we should learn how to use them properly and take everything under our control.

Sample Compare and Contrast Essay Book and Movie Review

Sample Compare and Contrast Essay Book and Movie ReviewYou can get a sample compare and contrast essay book and movie review on the internet, and some will be better than others. If you are interested in one and would like to know how it was written, then read on.A sample compare and contrast essay book and movie review are the best way to test the power of the Internet. Because the Internet is open all year round, there are thousands of resources for you to choose from. The best are those that will help you better your essay writing skills.The first one you should try to find is one that is on how to write an essay. A sample compare and contrast essay book and movie review are the perfect tool for your review. This will give you tips on what questions to ask yourself and how to go about answering them. If you are already an excellent writer, you can use this as a confidence builder to encourage you to continue.In addition to this, you may also want to look into a sample compare and contrast essay book and movie review. Since you are reading an essay, it is wise to get one that has the answer for any questions you may have. Plus, with the Internet, there are so many that will do this for you.So, when it comes to choosing an essay, a sample compare and contrast essay book and movie review will help you find the best ones. One of the best you can get is the one that will help you outline and figure out your ideas and let you write the essay yourself.The best example of a sample compare and contrast essay book and movie review you can get is the ones that will help you express your opinions and feelings. These are essential to show you how to use the essay form, and how to construct your own essay. They will help you get it to the point you want and the one that is most enjoyable to read.For any who are looking for ways to improve their writing skills, a sample compare and contrast essay book and movie review can help you. The more you know, the better you will be . Also, since these are free, you should think about getting at least one to begin with.

Three great American personalities Essay Example

Three great American personalities Essay In this brief paper, we shall be discussing the life of three great American personalities. Namely: J.F. Kenedy, Michael Jordan and Elvis Presley. We shall be examining their life to justify if they qualify to be addressed ad heroes or icons, or both. To do this, we shall first find out the meaning of icon or who a hero is. This will put us in a better light to understand how the extra ordinary feet they accomplished in their lives qualify them for the unforgettable and super human fame they occupy, not only in American history, but in the world as well.According to Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary, (2001), an icon is somebody famous. â€Å"Somebody or something widely and uncritically admired, especially somebody or something symbolizing a movement of field of activity†. Can these three personalities under scrutiny fit into this category? We shall find out soon. The dictionary further explained that â€Å"An icon is characterized by fame relating to or characteristic of somebody or something admired as an icon†. Similarly, it describes a hero as a â€Å"Remarkably brave person, a performer of a brave action, or conspicuous possessor of other admirable qualities, a war hero†. It also sees a hero as â€Å"Somebody admired. A person who is admired for outstanding qualities or achievements†. This is illustrative enough.By way of analysis, all the three personalities we are analyzing here qualify as icons. But Michael Jordan and John F. Kenedy stood out as heroes. This is because, their achievements are unprecedented in the annals of world history in the field of sports and politics which served as their platform.To do justice to this write-up, it is better if we take the characters and analyze them individually. And we shall take off with:John F. Kenedy.J. F. Kenedy’s life was unusually remarkable because he was an over achiever, attaining incredible feats at such tender age. At the age of 43, he was elected the 35th preside nt of United States of America and served from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Before then he represented the state of Massachusetts from 1947 to 1960, first as a member of the US House of Representatives, and later in the Senate, before becoming the president.He demonstrated unusual leadership dexterity judging from his handling of the major events that characterized his presidency. These includes the USS PT-109 incident, the second world war in the South Pacific, the Bag of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, and the American Civil Right Movement, as well as the early events of the Vietnam War. So much happened in the American history during his presidency that so much was put onto his responsibility, and despite his age, he handled the whole issue as a matured and seasoned statesman. These events created an automatic heroic image of him in the heart of Americans.John F. Kenedy derived his fame from the many â€Å"firsts † he accomplished. For example, He was the first, and to date, the only Roman Catholic to be elected US president. He was also the first person born in the 20th century to have served as president, At age 43, Kenedy is the yongest person ever elected president of the United States of America. But he was not the youngest president ever to serve as president. Kenedy was the last Democrat from outside the south to be elected, and the last president to be elected while serving in the U.S. Senate. All these achievements conspired to create both a hero and an icon of him from all perspectives.Without doubt, J.F. kenedy qualified both as a hero and as an icon. He represented an epitome of the American dream. He was globally admired, and only few critics ever had anything uncharitable to say against his personality. His many â€Å"firsts† was also   heroic achievements. He was also considered brave having fought in the world war.According to numerous scholars and pundits, one of them being Carty, T.J, (2004). JFKs victory in 1960 symbolized Americas evolution from a politically Protestant nation to a pluralistic one. The anti-Catholic prejudice that many blamed for presidential candidate Alfred E. Smiths crushing defeat in 1928 at last seemed to have been overcome. However, if the presidential election of 1960 was indeed a turning point for American Catholics, how do we explain the failure of any Catholicin over forty yearsto repeat Kennedys accomplishment? There was the assumption that JFKs successful campaign for the presidency ended decades, if not centuries, of religious and political tensions between American Catholics and Protestants. Religion, and Catholicism in particular, informs U.S. political life in subtle ways that and had affected who becomes the president of America. But Kenedy ended all that myth.John F. Kenedy, â€Å"commodified† and to some reasonable extent commercialized his fame, by exploiting his popularity into money making venture. For example, The President was closely tied to popular culture. Things such as Twisting at the White House and â€Å"Camelot† (the popular Broadway) were part of the JFK culture Vaughn Meader’s Family comedy album – an album parodying the President, First Lady, their family and administration – sold about 4 million copies. On May 19, 1962 Marilyn Monroe sang for the president and raised lots of money. Kennedy and his wife Jackie were very young in comparison to earlier Presidents and first ladies, and were both extraordinarily popular in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than   politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines.The Kennedys brought new life and vigor – a favorite word of Kennedy – to the atmosphere of the White House. They believed that the White House should be a place to celebrate American history, culture, and achievement, and they inv ited artists, writers, scientists, poets, musicians, actors, Nobel Prize winners and athletes to visit,Contrary to the heroic and iconic fame which JF. Kenedy attained, most people argued that his reputation is undeserved. His immense popularity, according to some critics, was the result of the optimistic beginnings of many programs declared to be of great benefit to the United States, its people, and various global issues, and the national trauma of his assassination. The Civil Rights Act which he sent to Congress in June 1963 was, in large part, conceived by his brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and it was signed into law by his successor to the Presidency, Lyndon B. Johnson, in 1964. So the glory of such accomplishment should not be given to him.Others point out that Kennedy started the process which led to the U.S. getting involved in a complete Vietnam War. They point to Kennedy sending 16,000 military advisers and introducing napalm defoliants strategic hamlet, free -fire zones and jet planes to the Vietnam conflict, which the previous administration was not willing to do.He was accused of having an ilicit affair with Gene Tierney who was separated from her then husband fashion designer Oleg Cassini in 1946. He was also accused of being sexually involved with Marilyn Monroe, and many believed that Meryn Monroe was killed because she threatened scandal.Seymour Hershs The Dark Side of Camelot (1998) presents a critical analysis of the Kennedy administration, stating that Kennedy was probably one of the unhealthiest men ever to sit in the Oval Office, because of Addisons Disease and a bad back, as well as recurring childhood illnesses and venereal infections.   Robert Dalleks An Unfinished Life (2003) is a more traditional biography, but itMICHAEL JORDAN.By popular acclaim,   Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. He was a   phenomenal athlete with a unique combination of fundamental soundness, grace, speed, power, art istry, improvisational ability and an unquenchable competitive desire. Jordan single-handedly redefined the NBA superstar. His accomplishments on the field of basket ball and outside of it can only be described as legendary in a culture with an inexhaustible passion to rank, to quantify, to compare and contrast everything, Michael Jordan became the universal measuring device for appraising greatness. Jordan the athlete, as well as cultural icon, had such an effect on global society, that descriptions of standout athletes, in other sports, as well as top artists, business executives and elite achievers in any field Were compared with him.   He was so universally adored, much more than any other athlete. In China, school children ranked him with Zhou Enlai as the two greatest figures in twentieth-century history. The children knew Zhou because he helped create their Communist Revolution. They knew Jordan because he miraculously floated through the air as both an athlete and as a pit chman for American-produced advertisements for Nike shoes, which the children avidly followed on television. His coach in Chicago, Phil Jackson, believed that Jordan had somehow been transformed in the public mind from a great athlete to a sports deity—especially when an amazed Jackson saw people kneeling before the statue of Jordan that stands in front of the United Center, home of the Chicago Bulls.LeFeber, W, (1999), captured his fame when he wrote that, In China, schoolchildren ranked him with Zhou Enlai as the two greatest figures in twentieth-century history. The children knew Zhou because he helped create their Communist Revolution. They knew Jordan because he miraculously floated through the air as both an athlete and as a pitchman for American-produced advertisements for Nike shoes, which the children avidly followed on television. His coach in Chicago, Phil Jackson, believed that Jordan had somehow been transformed in the public mind from a great athlete to a sports deity—especially when an amazed Jackson saw people kneeling before the statue of Jordan that stands in front of the United Center, home of the Chicago Bulls. That is simply extra ordinary.He led the NBA in scoring a record 10 times with a 31.5 points per game average, another all-time mark. What made the achievement even more remarkable was that he did so while playing the other end of the floor as well. Nine times he was named to the NBAs All-Defensive First Team, and in 1988, he was named NBA Defensive Player of the Year.From the above facts Michael Jordan qualify both as a hero and as an icon. He lived his life without any scandal, except his recent divorce with his wife, which was more or less a private affair.Jordan being black, symbolized serious racial myths. The media tends to endow Michael Jordan with physical strength and dexterity that is almost magical. In contrast, white sports stars are portrayed with less natural talent. They are depicted as having to work har der to be successful. This seemingly harmless racial myth seriously influences the occupational choices of black youth. Recent generations tend to select professional sports as their only career choice. Psychologist Othello Harris (Miami University of Ohio) (Le Feber) researched these racial stereotypes in the media. Harris has divided this stereotyping into three main themes.Advertisements emphasize the athletic abilities of African-American players, but downplay intellectual abilities. They are portrayed as more suited for the court than the boardroom. In print ads, black athletes are seen with slogans like, Basketball is the life. The rest is just details. or The game doesn’t end. . The myth goes on and on.Michael Jordan more than commercialized his skills, He commanded so much   money and power in the world, of the late twentieth century. Jordan was an African-American athlete who earned $30 million a year for playing with the Bulls and twice that amount from his endors ements and personal businesses. He earned multi millions from Nike and countless other commercial endorsements.Elvis Presley.Elvis Presley, known simply as Elvis or The King, derived his fame as a musician who changed the face of music around the world. Dubbed the King of Rock and Roll, Presleys gyrating hips, long, dark sideburns, and unusual style of rock music made the entertainment industry, as well as its followers, stand up and take notice. Elvis was probably one of the most loved personalities of all time. To this day, many years after his untimely death, devoted fans still mourn him and make the pilgrimage to Graceland, his beloved home in Tennessee. In the late 1960s, after a period of declining fame, he remade himself into The King, a melodramatic icon known for his sequined karate-style jumpsuits and mega concerts.Elvis qualified as an icon, but can not be fully described as a hero. Reason, he was admired all over and loved by many, but his action and activities were not brave. Heroes are brave persons, but Elvis was simply a great musician. According to Golbert Samie (1997). In a conversation affirmed that,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Famous in life, Elvis Presley has become even more famous in death as an icon of American music and TV-era celebrity†. He was no doubt an icon, but not a hero.Presley became the teen idol of his decade, greeted everywhere by screaming hordes of young women, He opened the door to both black and white rock artists. More important, he served as the great cultural catalyst of his period. Elvis projected a mixed vision of humility and self-confidence, of intense commitment and comic disbelief in his ability to inspire frenzy. He inspired literally thousands of musicians. . Elviss Memphis home, Graceland, has become a permanent shrine to the singer and many of his followers even after his death.Unlike Michael Jordan, he did not command much commercialization as is known today. But the popularity of his music brought him so much wealth , He made wealth from his various TV, films, and other commercial programmes he was involved in. Even till date he still make more money than he ever did when he was alive.Presley was not loved by all. Those who did not worship him found him despicable (no one found him ignorable). Preachers and pundits declared him an anathema, his Pentecostally derived hip-swinging stage style and breathy vocal asides obscene. Racists denounced him for mingling black music with white (and Presley was always scrupulous in crediting his black sources, one of the things that made him different from the Tin Pan Alley writers and singers who had for decades lifted black styles without credit). He was pronounced responsible for all teenage hooliganism and juvenile delinquency.

Free Essays on Kinds Of Love

, more tactile than verbal. Because of underlying insecurity, he/she takes care of the loved one, provides well, and thinks this is the way to show love. When the partner says, "you never tell me you love me," he/she is taken aback. The prize winner seems to do everything right. He/she is "the best," doing well at work, a great lover, and a good parent. However, the self-confidence and emotional security may gradually change into a callousness towards the spouse. The fragile lover is so scared of life's problems he/she feels helpless and seeks a partner whom he/she can depend on, who will protect him/her. Since the fragile one feels unworthy of attention with minor concerns, he/she develops big problems and "falls apart" repeatedly for attention. Such helpless dependency creates serious problems in the relation... Free Essays on Kinds Of Love Free Essays on Kinds Of Love There are many kinds of lovers. Love is expressed and felt in many ways. Falling in love can be frightening, as we become vulnerable. It can also be ego-boosting, reassuring (that we are OK), and fun. So, courtship becomes a complex combination of approaches and avoidances, of come ons and defenses. The specific ways we protect ourselves often determines what kind of lover we are. A prime example is the dance-away lover (Goldstine, et al., 1977) who is an expert at wooing but fears permanence so he/she fades away after a few months. This lover, although initially successful, assumes the relationship will fail and he/she will be rejected in due time. The anxious ingenue or beginner is also so insecure he/she rushes into romances without honestly evaluating the partner. Later, when the relationship settles down, he/she begins to see the mistakes he/she has made. The disarmer is warm and understanding, he/she tries to protect the lover from all stress and pain, often denying his/her own rights and emotional needs in order to please the lover. This self-sacrifice may get tiresome in time. The provider is more action than words, more tactile than verbal. Because of underlying insecurity, he/she takes care of the loved one, provides well, and thinks this is the way to show love. When the partner says, "you never tell me you love me," he/she is taken aback. The prize winner seems to do everything right. He/she is "the best," doing well at work, a great lover, and a good parent. However, the self-confidence and emotional security may gradually change into a callousness towards the spouse. The fragile lover is so scared of life's problems he/she feels helpless and seeks a partner whom he/she can depend on, who will protect him/her. Since the fragile one feels unworthy of attention with minor concerns, he/she develops big problems and "falls apart" repeatedly for attention. Such helpless dependency creates serious problems in the relation...

20th century music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

20th century music - Essay Example The music of 20th century was diverse in form, with wide experimentation and innovative musical styles. Besides, its unique identity was distinct from other musical styles of the19th century. It was a rebellion against current trend of music composition and an extension of late Romantic style. One can discover immense examples for the influence of Folk and Popular music in classical music composers of the 20th century. Folk music, the term coined by Johann Gottfried Herder in 18th century, was explained as a music genre transmitted orally by peasants and rural singers. Later, it was explained as a particular kind of popular music. Popular music or simply Pop music, another branch of music is defined as the part of popular culture, with a number of musical styles and wide commercial distribution. It is interesting to observe that both the Folk and Pop music influenced the Classical music, which is described as the music of emotion, with strict rules on composition and singing. Thesis statement: Influence of Folk and Popular music on classical music composers during the twentieth century.

How Barbie doll does promote traditional gender roles., effect on Essay

How Barbie doll does promote traditional gender roles., effect on gender behavior - Essay Example She is used to illustrating the personal variations on general common gender themes occurring because numerous forces influence all individuals. Barbie Doll is perhaps used to show that gender is significant and paramount to the identity of an individual. Gender is embodied and lived by everyone all the days of his or her lives. As such, it can be argued that gender is both an individual construction as well as is learnt by way of social arrangement and order, which promotes the persuasive standards of being male and female. In fact, the Barbie doll has been described as the toy that was designed and made for women to enlighten women about what the society expects from them. Some schools of thought assert that Barbie doll has significant issues that surround femininity and gender ideals. In fact, Barbie doll can be described to be the perfect representation of female sexuality as viewed by the society and as perpetuated by the media (Bothell 17). Gender specific behavior is a result of both nature and socialization. The society, largely, dictates how men and women perceive themselves. Both the male and female in the society identify the â€Å"self† as composed of both the individual and the society. Barbie doll depicts this kind of societal influence just too well. She imitates the female personality. She is used to representing the woman in the society who functions as a self-imaging tool. Perhaps a major impact that she has on body image representation is that her body has a general human body form. Perhaps to show that gender specific behavior is influenced by socialization and nature, one only needs to look at Barbie’s audience-children. Many academics believe that children are the most vulnerable to unhealthy body images that the doll projects (Bothell 61). Socialization occurs when children play. They need an internal representation that could as well be assumed to be true to all males and females

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks   ABSTRACT Video-based sharing services have gained a rapid fluctuation in users over recent years with the help of the ever-growing internet availability, reaching even the most rural of areas, gaining an increasing share in the multimedia market. Online streaming videos should fulfil strict quality of service constraints. Internet streaming relies upon packet transmission; there are varying influences such as delays, packet loss, transmission errors, data loss and bandwidth restrictions that all influence the quality and playability of a video. This causes serious problems for the end user as the producers of videos rely on the end-users. Therefore, the results of this paper can help users determine whether they can view videos in a high quality whilst preserving smooth video transmission. With the use of detailed diagrams, we can see how the network reacts to buffering, low network speeds and congestion in-order to keep sending video data. Keywords: YouTube, streaming, video, video streaming, network measurement, QoS, TCP, RTSP INTRODUCTION During the last 10 years theres been a significate growth of the internet video streaming websites such as YouTube (USA), Vimeo (USA), Twitch (USA), Daily Motion (France), Vevo (USA) have grown exponentially in popularity and by viewing the growth of the internet and more and more gadgets connecting to the internet [6], they will keep growing. YouTube alone have over one billion users [4], which in return equates to billions of video requests every day. Global Consumer Internet Video for 2016 is 29,046PB (petabyte), the year 2017 is estimated at 38,297 with a steady yearly increase of 14,000PB[7]. This therefore causes a strain on the internet service providers (ISPs) to increase bandwidth in order to provide stronger/wider and faster broadband connectivity to accommodate such growth. This in comparison to File sharing such as peer-to-peer which includes the likes of BitTorrent which in 2016 was calculated at 5,938PB and has declined to 5,858PB in 2017 with a slight variance there-on -after. In North America alone, YouTube accounts of 17.9% of bandwidth whereas the likes of BitTorrent only account for 2.7% [8]. The most important part of accumulating a vast growth of users and popularity is the fact that YouTube is free, from viewing videos, upload your own videos, streaming live or following your favourite channels. It can all be done by signing up to a free account, this ensures that the website can be viewed by a wider audience rather than those of that can legally pay and older, there is a small compromise to pay in the form of adverts randomly placed in-between or at the beginning of videos. Coupled with the fact that YouTube has now offered to pay YouTubers real currency for the popularity of their own videos ensures an even higher number of users.   They have recently launched a premium service called YouTube Red, which is their premium service to those willing to pay $10 a month; the benefits include Google Play Music subscription, ad-free videos and premium content not available to free users [9]. YouTube does not have many competitors that can match its popularity but there are some in the likes of Vimeo who have over 100 million visitors per month [10] and a more artistic community where promotional and corporate videos are prohibited, they have four tiers of accounts; Free, Plus, PRO or business each varying is ways from their counterparts. However, a very important difference between the two in the way videos are played. Vimeo uses a constant rate factor (CRF) of 20 whereas YouTube incorporates variable bitrate mode, which allows for lower overall bitrates while maintaining quality. YouTube allows 60fps, 4K 3D, Vimeo does not, and this is a reason why Vimeo is not as large as YouTube. YouTube has a leading edge compared to others in the respect that where others have strictly controlled content, normally professionally produced, YouTube does not; videos can be uploaded by anyone whom has access to the internet. Interne t Connection has high unpredictability rates in the regards of latency and speed reliability, which all depends on location and ISPs with traffic times, network infrastructure and work load. Videos viewed via the internet is more problematic compared to say, television, thus, YouTube infrastructure manages playback using various methods. BODY Transmission from client to server YouTube uses Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is an application-level protocol, which controls delivery of data with real-time properties; it enables controlled, on-demand delivery of real-time data, such as audio and video [11]. The server starts by sending small RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) packets, the data in a bitrate chosen, is sent to the client where their buffer is loaded only slightly before playback occurs. This ensures that not too much bandwidth is used in case the user decides not to continue playing the video, as users dont have a static internet connection, if the user or YouTubes servers recognise inconsistencies in the connection e.g. packet loss, an altered bitrate can be used instead e.g. the server sends the video but in a reduced encoding rate. When it comes to video playback, smooth transmission is key, without it users grow tired of continual pausing, dropped frames etc. and leave, this cannot do. Therefore, the use of TCP ensures pre-fetching and buf fering to ensure smooth playback. As bandwidth is something of an issue when loading videos constantly whilst ensuring smooth continuous playback, TCP guarantees reliable transmission for a no-loss of frames. It also has probing bandwidth and congestion control which will attempt to use all available bandwidth for fetching content as soon as possible. However as YouTube has introduced live streaming in 2015 which opts for UDP (User Datagram Protocol), an application layer protocol, UDP is used because minimum pre-fetching can be done where buffering and pausing is somewhat of a nuisance and should be reduced at all cost as everything is live. It is conjoined with RTSP, another application layer protocol which helps with video streaming. A major drawback of using UDP is that firewalls from ISP or companies are not in favour of allowing the protocol, which cause video traffic and throttling problems. However, with the advantage of lower overhead, the compensation of a few dropped pack et will suffice. In order to deliver videos the use of Content Delivery Networks (CDN), it works by using a globally distributed network of proxy servers, whose job it is to serve content to end-users (the users who are watching the videos) at high performance, where, when a user clicks on a video it is served from the nearest Data Centre from their geolocation. YouTube, before the buyout from Google used LimeLight Networks (LLNW), afterwards Google built their own CDN. Most CDN servers are configured to support web services, therefore streaming over HTTP goes hand in hand, and most firewalls are configured to allow HTTP traffic. The usage of DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming) over HTTP is common practice where the video is split into chunks of various resolutions thus, the player can easily switch into another resolution when the internet bandwidth changes which equates to smooth playback. Video Playback Quality As of January 2015, YouTube migrated to HTML5 for its default web player. YouTube first checks to see if the clients browser supports both, HTML5, H.264 codec or WebM VP8. Many browsers support an in-built flash player, which removes the need for installation of Adobe Flash Player, which has seen a decline in usage, with the amount of resources it requires and security flaws [14]. In addition, as devices such as Apple do not have support for flash there is a large market excluded. The use of HTML5s Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) is key [Figure 1]; it allows the player to switch resolutions based on users network quality. This has reduced buffering by more than 50% globally and as much as 80% on heavily congested networks [15]. YouTube switched from progressive downloads to adaptive bitrate streaming to allow for switching of quality without the need to re-buffer and start from the beginning. YouTube is constantly analysing connection speeds between the client and server, when it detects the bandwidth is deteriorating, a lower bitrate video stream is selected, in order to create a seamless playback experience for the end-user the buffer stream is loaded a few seconds ahead of your current position. From the users perspective, the key trait of a network is Quality of Service (QoS) of the content they are streaming. Whilst using HTTP, video transmission is reliable, HTTP reassures the user that there is no packet loss or video disturbance. Experiments Buffering over various internet speeds With the use of Wireshark, various experiments were done to see how packets are send from YouTube to client whilst watching a video under different network conditions and playback quality. To extract only YouTube video packet data, the filter tcp.port eq 443 was used, all graphs were set to a tick interval of 1 second with a pixel per tick of 10 and the units used in the graph are packets/Tick with a scale of 10000, all data is coming from Wi-Fi only. Buffering Time over Wi-Fi connectivity (No Throttling) using a forced 720p video Figure 2, displayed above shows a YouTube clip, which spans a total of 8:36 minutes. The graph depicts a burst of data thats sent initially on load. After the few second burst, the data rate reduces considerably. YouTube server initially sends the video as soon as possible for the initial buffering before significantly reducing the sending rate. Once the video has buffered fully, the rate of packet sending drops to near zero. Buffering Time over 3G connectivity (1.5mb/s, 750kb/s) using a forced 720p video Figure 3 depicts how a YouTube video is loaded whilst on a 3G connection; the clip used is the same as Figure 2, for comparative reasons. The burst seen in the graph spans for a greater period than on a faster connection. The video instantly plays but YouTubes server loads data for longer before finally reducing the frequency of data being sent. The player buffers for a quarter length from the current position of the playing position before finally stopping for a brief moment to allow catch-up, which can be depicted on the graph where the throttle rate drops to This is mainly due to QoE, which is based on human perception, where the user doesnt care for statistics such as packet loss etc. but rather in the quality of their video, they want to be able to view the video as soon as possible and at the best quality that is available. Buffering Time over GPRS connectivity (50kb/s, 20kb/s) and the effects of having a reduced bandwidth Figure 4 depicts the packets that are received whilst on a GPRS connection, reduction in the transmission rate in-turn has resulted in bandwidth significantly reduced, the impact almost certainly forces re-buffering to occur, which reduces the QoE for the user. This results in a longer queuing delay at network nodes and increases server-to-user delays, as the graph shows, the amount of data stored by the inbuilt players buffer is diminutive, as the initial burst did not store enough on load, the video is constantly buffering and playing leading to an endless need to re-buffer to continue. This can be seen at seconds; 120, 145 165, with seconds; 135, 150, 160 being the periods in which data is being transmitted, which consequently dont last long as periods of re-buffering flow directly afterwards. Video delivery over various video quality Figure 5 shows how a single video is re-loaded and buffered from the users current position. Each time a quality change is introduced, the video stops for a brief moment and the buffer pool is restocked with the new video quality data. The higher the quality of video, the more data is introduced initially to ensure that the video starts immediately, as the graph depicts, the lower the quality, the less of an initial burst is needed, as the size of the video is equitably reduced too, YouTube therefore can send all the data for the video quickly. As the video quality is higher, the size of the video being transmitted will also be higher. Network Speed Download Upload Regular 3G 750 kb/s 250kb/s Good 3G 1.5 Mb/s 750 Kb/s Regular 4G 4 Mb/s 3.0 Mb/s Compare this to a mobile phone when outside using data connection for example, 3G 4G connection, as there are many more collisions and obstructions whilst outside compared to a consistent Wi-Fi signal, the results are very different. With the location of the user a key aspect of reliable data transmission and how close the user is to the radio tower. Quality Duration 1080p 0 100s 720p 101s 200s 480p 210s 300s 360p 301s 400s 240p 401s 500s 144p 501s 600s By using network-measuring tools, figure 6 depicts the measurements taken for a single video to load over various qualities via regular 3G, good 3G and regular 4G connection. The results vary compared to Wi-Fi where the transmission is reliable, there are fluctuations in the transmission and the amount of data being sent, whereas Wi-Fi could send a considerable amount in the initial burst of the loading, 3G and 4G do not. Starting with regular 3g, 1080p, 720 and 480p quality videos spend a considerable amount buffering. There was not an initial burst of data that YouTubes servers transmitted, as network speeds were low, the first few seconds where spent buffering and then the video played, the video soon after paused, as buffering had to recommence to gather more data. The results show that in the initial stages of buffering with 4G connection, the amount of packets being sent are high, this is to ensure the user is able to view the video as soon as possible without interference, as the bandwidth is high, a large amount of packets can be sent, this ensures no pausing. YouTube servers application layer is not greedy where it feeds the TCP stack at a rate given by the private throttling algorithm. The TCP layer manages the buffering, when the transmission rate at TCP layer is reduced, the data that cannot be transmitted begins to be stored in the buffer, which can be seen in the 144p portion from 510 seconds onwards. However, when the buffer is occupied, the TCP layer is blocked from sending more data. This can also be shown via YouTubes stats for nerds feature [Figure 7], where when the video is done buffering to the max size of the video file, the network activity drops to a dead 0. With the more limited bandwidth of 3G connectivity, the video has to buffer for longer as with the capped transmission rate, not as much video data can be sent with more frequent throttling. Conclusion Overall, it is clear that the higher the quality, the more bandwidth is needed in-order to view the content with no interference. Limiting bandwidth had effects on the overall quality where YouTube would automatically decrease or increase the quality accordingly. Looking at the graphs produced, choosing to view content at a high quality on speeds of, for example, 3G will result in a in-viewable experience where the end-user will have to wait considerable amounts of time to even view small portions of content. The results of viewing video show that YouTubes progressive download algorithm starts by transferring an initial burst of data at the end users maximum available bandwidth and then uses a sophisticated throttling algorithm to implement a data rate that is more suited. This is key in making sure the user gets to view the video as soon as possible without tirelessly needed to pause and wait for the buffer pool to fill again. QoE is an important factor that YouTube have taken into consideration to ensure that even if the user has a limited bandwidth, by using DASH, they are always able to view the video even if it is at the lowest quality available. For smooth transmission of high quality video, bandwidth should be atleast >=3mbps. 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